'learning by objectives' vs 'process-based learning' vs 'open-ended learning'

'Learning by objectives' is largely how we go about teaching today:
Jay Doubleyou: behaviourism >>> and learning objectives >>> and the common european framework

Which has rather dark roots:
Jay Doubleyou: taylorism >>> and education

And so not everyone is happy with this approach:
Jay Doubleyou: a critique of learning objectives

It's all about setting targets:
Outcome-based education | wikipedia

There are alternatives:

Process based learning (Collis and Lacey, 1996; Hewett and Nind, 1998; Nind and Hewett, 2001; Hewett, 2006; Imray et al, 2010) is a holistic approach where the process of teaching becomes the objective.
The entire process of learning is taken as a whole, as opposed to teaching to specific individualised targets. Intensive Interaction (Nind and Hewett, 1994) is perhaps the best example of process based learning (and teaching). In this example, it is not the outcome of the task that is important, but the interactive process that drives the task that is the focus – this is termed 'tasklessness'.

Process based teaching and learning

Process-based learning: Teachers as Facilitators

It's very much connected to 'problem-solving':
Teaching students to use process-based learning and problem solving strategies in mainstream classesProblem-based learning | wikipedia

See also:
Jay Doubleyou: scenarios for problem solving
Jay Doubleyou: we are much more than problem-solvers
Jay Doubleyou: appreciative inquiry is not problem-solving
Jay Doubleyou: questioning and problem-solving

This is not quite the same as 'project-based learning':
Project-Based Learning or Process-Based Learning?

Project-based learning | wikipedia

Finally, there is 'open-ended learning':
What is an Open Ended Question? How to help children think through problems on their own | YouTube

OPEN-ENDED VS. CLOSED LEARNING SYSTEMS
When a child is engaged in open-ended learning, he or she is not bound by rules or instructions. There is no right or wrong way. There is no set end to a project. On the other hand, a closed learning system has parameters and rules. There are set right and wrong answers.
A set of wood blocks is a good example of open ended learning. Blocks can be played with in a multitude of ways. They might be used for building any type of structure or for symbolizing another object in imaginative play situations. There is no wrong way to play with the blocks.
Puzzles are an example of closed system learning. There is just one way to put together a puzzle. There is a definite right and wrong way. Memorizing multiplication tables is, also, a closed system of learning.
Both open-ended and closed learning are necessary in the education process. However, we need to be able to move beyond memorizing and being able to follow rules and directions – closed learning. We need the benefits of open-ended learning to understand how the world works, make the rules, and find the answers.

OPEN ENDED LEARNING: WHAT, WHY, AND HOW | homeschoolscientist.com

Here are some practical activities:

Open-Endedness | possibilitiesforlearning.com

Open-Ended and Parallel Learning Tasks for Instruction | vimeo

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