Wednesday, 25 February 2026

attention residue: how to use smartphones in the esl/esol/tefl classroom

There are different ways of using digital technology in a student-centred classroom - and, specifically, if we are to have students as directing their own learning, then we need to be thinking about how to use smartphones in the English language classroom.

As a recent blog says, on managing the use of smartphones in language classrooms:

From time to time, a story hits the headlines that schools in some country or other are to ban mobile phones (cellphones for our American friends) during the school day in an effort to reduce bullying and boost academic performance. This always triggers a re-examination of the issues involved, but, of course, language lessons operate usually under slightly different circumstances...

And that's the point: this technology should be seen differently when used in the language classroom, as it does offer tools rather than endless distraction - if used well of course [and the writer of the blog piece goes on to suggest how to do that...]

There are lots of blog pieces by teachers suggesting how to use mobile devices in their ESL work. The latest look comes from Dimitris Kouniakis and Constantina Constantopoulou, as reported byBecci Knowles, writing in the E L Gazetter. Here they look at Smartphones and focus in learning: Friend, foe, or false ally?

Welcome to the concept of attention residue, a key phenomenon that helps explain why focus has become such a fragile resource in today’s classrooms and study spaces...

If attention is fragile, the learning environments must actively protect it. One of the most effective, evidence-based strategies is surprisingly simple: Create physical distance between students and their smartphones during study or learning periods.

In today’s attention-fragmented learning landscape, focus has become a skill that needs safeguarding and coaching. Attention residue reminds us that distraction isn’t just about willpower. It’s essentially about how the brain works. Leroy’s findings make one thing clear; every interruption leaves a trace that weakens attention. For students who already struggle with concentration, executive function, and cognitive overload, smartphones are quietly but significantly undermining their learning. By encouraging intentional distance from devices during study, we help learners reclaim their attention, reduce mental clutter, and engage with content deeply. Managing the learning environment isn’t optional anymore; it’s a necessity. Having said that, meaningful support doesn’t begin with new strategies but with well-designed attentional space

Smartphones and focus in learning: Friend, foe, or false ally? - E L Gazette

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Saturday, 21 February 2026

metaphors are easier to learn when put in context

The trouble with metaphors is that a lot gets lost in translation.

On the other hand, metaphor is everywhere - and is the stuff of language, whether it's the language of money... the language of religion... the language of love...

A lot of metaphors are also clichés - but, then, we all speak in clichés and as a language learner we want to know what people normally and regularly use. 

In the latest from Lexical Lab's regular blog by Hugh Dellar for teachers and students, we hear about Metaphors we live by: "a company is like a ship":

In their seminal 1980 book, Metaphors We Live By George Lakoff and Mark Johnson suggested that metaphors are a tool that allow us to use what we know about our physical and social environment to understand more – and to talk abut – abstract things like time, emotions, work and mental activity...

We could indeed go online and find lists of 25 metaphors about sailing and phrases and sayings that have a nautical origin - but, actually, having such language in an entertaining story-like piece means we are much more likely to understand it and so be able to remember it and use it!

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Wednesday, 18 February 2026

the 'life in the uk' test: a critique

The British government has had in place for some years now its Life in the UK Test which, if passed, will enable people to become UK citizens.

There are lots of websites that ask if you “think you know Britain?” - and give you an example text to try out online. And when people who already have a British passport try it themselves, well, it's actually quite difficult, as with this journalist on the Daily Express realised last year: I took the Life in the UK citizenship test - it's not so simple.

Other commentators would say that the test is actually not relevant to life in the UK, with the Guardian recently suggesting: Forget Hadrian’s Wall. The UK citizenship test should ask about Corrie, bus queues and Greggs.

In fact, there is considerable criticism of the test.

In June 2022, the UK parliament's Lords Committee requested an urgent review of the Life in the UK Test:

The Committee found several problems with the Test:an official handbook full of obscure facts and subjective assertions (including offensive historical content),

  • inaccessible test centres,
  • poorly-phrased questions that trivialise the process, and
  • costs that can be prohibitive for some, among others.

The Committee also stressed the need to reintroduce taught courses, known to promote social cohesion and gender equality, as an alternative for those who may find a test particularly challenging.

The Committee is astonished that the Government has not yet conducted its long-overdue review of the Test and of its associated handbook. The Committee calls on the Government to appoint an Advisory Group to conduct a review to be published by a set deadline.

Others feel very much the same, with this study from the Durham Law School asking The Life in the UK citizenship test:Is it unfit for purpose?:

The Life in the UK citizenship test was launched in 2005 and revised in 2007. The test must be passed by anyone applying for Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR) or naturalisation. Past editions were criticised for factual inaccuracies and their failure to include much information about British history and culture. The third edition was published in March 2013. It is a comprehensive departure in form and content from past tests that raises several serious concerns about the construction of the test. Its inability to meet its central goal as a test of knowledge about life in the United Kingdom renders it unfit for purpose and it is in need of urgent reforms. 

The UK Immigration Lawyers also ask:  Is the Life in the UK Test Fair? New Survey Raise Big Questions:

Our survey has exposed surprising gaps in historical and cultural knowledge among Brits. The findings raise questions about the fairness of Life in the UK Test for British citizenship or settlement applications.

This is not just the opinion of journalists, academics and lawyers, as Wikipedia notes in its piece on the Life in the United Kingdom test:

The test has been frequently criticised for containing factual errors,[1] expecting candidates to know information that would not be expected of native-born citizens[2] as well as being just a "bad pub quiz" and "unfit for purpose".[3][4]

In other words, if most British citizens were asked to complete this test, they would fail - which might question whether they should 'qualify' as being British citizens!

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Tuesday, 10 February 2026

how corrupt is your country?

It's possibly the case that concentrated wealth leads to concentrated power.

And it seems to be the case that concentrated wealth and power lead to corruption.

Looking at corruption and extreme wealthcorruption fosters extreme wealth, acting as a greasing wheel that contributes to this unbalanced economic process. Therefore, billionaires face incentives to perform these types of acts which tend to perpetuate the corrupt system. However, legal mechanisms are also significant determinants of extreme wealth.

The idea that 'power corrupts' has been around for a long, long time, as shown in this look at power and its corrupting effects: the effects of power on human behavior and the limits of accountability systems.

The latest figures from Transparency International has something to say about the state of the world today, with a report out today: CPI 2025: Findings and insights

Britain doesn't fare very well: Results published today show the UK's score has fallen to 70, down from 71 last year. This marks the UK's lowest point... The UK remains 20th in the global ranking for the third consecutive year, a significant decline from its top ten position back in 2017. Corruption Perceptions Index 2025: UK Corruption concerns risk becoming 'new normal'

The United States has done even worse: The United States is now tied with the Bahamas and is outranked by Uruguay, Lithuania and the United Arab Emirates... The ranking has been trending downward for the past 10 years. Last year, it took a hit when President Donald Trump paused investigations into corporate foreign bribery and cut enforcement of a foreign agent registration law and other moves, CNN reported. US slips to 29th place in global corruption perception index

The message is clear: Corruption is surging worldwide, threatening public trust, enabling organized crime, and weakening democratic institutions, Transparency International warned Tuesday in its 2025 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). Experts say shrinking civic space and faltering accountability are fueling the problem, putting governance—and citizens—at risk. Corruption Threatens Democracies Worldwide, Transparency International Warns

How is your country doing?


Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 - Transparency.org

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Monday, 9 February 2026

academic freedom in the united states

This blog has looked at press freedom around the world - but what about academic freedom?

In the United States, they seem quite determined in banning books: the school curriculum and critical race theory.

Here's a report from the latest Philosophy Now magazine in their News: February/March 2026:

Philosophy Professor Banned from Teaching Plato’s Symposium

More than 200 courses at Texas A&M University have been flagged or cancelled as part of a review called by the system board into course content related to race and gender, according to academics who contacted Inside Higher Education and other publications. The scope of the review has extended well beyond contemporary material. Alongside feminist writers and queer filmmakers, foundational figures in Western philosophy have been targeted.

Philosophy professor Martin Peterson, scheduled to teach his usual course on Contemporary Moral Problems, was instructed by university leadership to remove several passages by Plato from his syllabus. In an email from department chair Kristi Sweet, Peterson was given a choice: either eliminate “modules on race and gender ideology, and the Plato readings that may include these,” or else be reassigned to a different course. This effectively banned him from teaching Plato’s Symposium, a canonical Socratic dialogue focused on the nature of love that also discusses issues relating to patriarchy, masculinity and the human condition. Peterson objected strongly, and as the dispute escalated he wrote: “Your decision to bar a philosophy professor from teaching Plato is unprecedented … You are making Texas A&M famous – but not for the right reasons.” Despite his protest, Peterson ultimately agreed to revise the syllabus, replacing the censored material with lectures on free speech and academic freedom. Rather than ignoring the incident, Peterson plans to incorporate it directly into his course material: “I’m thinking of using this as a case study and assign some of the texts written by journalists covering the story to discuss,” he explained. “I want [students] to know what is being censored.”

And here's the reaction from the press at the time:

Professor Replaces Banned Plato Texts With Article on Censorship

Texas A&M Removes Plato from Introductory Philosophy Class

Is Plato woke? Texas A&M professor speaks out after being banned from teaching the Greek philosopher | WUWM 89.7 FM - Milwaukee's NPR

A&M demands prof remove sexual orientation and race from his philosophy class - Dallas Voice

There's an intensifying kind of threat to academic freedom: Watchful students serving as informants

Here's an interview with the professor - and a comment that follows:

I taught Philosophy for forty years before my retirement; and Professor Peterson has, ostensibly been charged with "corrupting the youth" as was one of the charges levied against Socrates. Thankfully, he is not likely to be silenced in in the same way as Socrates. And I applaud the good professor's sense of Socratic restraint in his apologia. The real harm is done to his students, who have been denied the chance to have him guide them to favoring philos over eros, as Socrates argues in his speech. I taught The Symposium many times, and can say that my students' reading it--and in open dialogue about the many perspectives on love that it poses--was one of the most transformative classroom experiences for students that I can recall. I can only hope that Professor Peterson's accusers will come out of their cave, and see the light.

INTERVIEW: Texas professor censored over Plato curriculum speaks out | The College Fix

What about academic freedom generally in the United States?

Examining threats to academic freedom in America and the world | Harvard Kennedy School

University of North Carolina moves to define academic freedom

40 strikes on academic freedom in 2025: Is US higher ed losing its nerve? - The Times of India

Explained: Why US universities are rejecting Trump’s controversial higher education compact

How University Governing Boards Can Protect the Independence of Colleges and Universities - Center for American Progress

Wednesday, 4 February 2026

flowers in history, art and culture

If you're looking for a comprehensive look at the subject, there is the excellent piece: Flowers in Art History: A Comprehensive Guide Through Different Eras — Ellermann Florist and Flower Delivery

In Europe the 'craze' for a particular flower started with the Tulip mania which swept Holland in the 1630s: Tulip mania (Dutch: tulpenmanie) was a period during the Dutch Golden Age when contract prices for some bulbs of the recently introduced and fashionable tulip reached extraordinarily high levels... The introduction of the tulip to Europe is often attributed to Ogier de Busbecq, the ambassador of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, who sent the first tulip bulbs and seeds to Vienna in 1554 from the Ottoman Empire.

[picture from Wikipedia: A tulip, known as "the Viceroy" (viseroij), displayed in the 1637 Dutch catalogue Verzameling van een Meenigte Tulipaanen ("Collection of a Crowd of Tulips"). Its bulb was offered for sale for between 3,000 and 4,200 guilders (florins) depending on weight (gewooge). A skilled artisan at the time earned about 300 guilders a year.[1]

Staying in Holland, the Dutch Golden Age produced some fabulous paintings of flowers - such as this: Dutch flower painting: In detail | Dutch Flowers | National Gallery, London.

And the most famous flower painting of them all was painted by a Dutchman: BBC Four - Painting Flowers, Sunflower, Van Gogh's Sunflowers and Van Gogh’s Sunflowers: The unknown history - BBC Culture

But what about flowers in other cultures?

In communist China, the sunflower was the symbol of the people always turning their heads to the sun that was Mao: Ai Weiwei – Sunflower Seeds | Artist Interview | Tate - YouTube and Sunflower Seeds by Ai Weiwei Explained: Art, Activism, and Symbolism.

In Ukraine, it is the symbol of their country - and is the yellow of their sunflower-and-sky flag: The Meaning Behind Ukraine’s National Symbols - PostcodeUkraine.org

There's also a whole lot of culture behind cut flowers - and it's quite a big thing: What Are Cut Flowers: History, Meaning, and Arranging Guide - Plant Grower World.

If we are looking for the most exquisite tradition in arranging cut flowers, then we must turn to IkebanaIkebana (生け花, 活け花, 'arranging flowers' or 'making flowers alive') is the Japanese art of flower arrangement.[1][2] It is also known as kadō (花道, 'way of flowers'). The origin of ikebana can be traced back to the ancient Japanese custom of erecting evergreen trees and decorating them with flowers as Yorishiro to invite the gods.

You can (in English) Learn the Basics of Ikebana although it does need years of study. Here's something a bit more: IKEBANA, Japanese style flower arrangement (English Version) 〜生け花〜 Japan Vlog - YouTube and Ikebana Explained: 7 Essential Principles of Japanese Flower Arrangement - YouTube

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Monday, 2 February 2026

read, read, read!

Yes, it's national storytelling week!

READING IN THE UK

We're trying to get more young people to read in the UK - because not many are reading: low literacy levels in Britain and education in the UK - high university intake - low literacy rates

Yes, it's quite a problem here: the decline in reading in the uk - and ways to reverse it   

    What are the literacy rates in your country? Are people reading books?

Reading is good for you: reading broadens the mind

    Why should we be reading, then?

Here's something politically controversial: should immigrants be encouraged to use their mother tongue?

    What's the policy in your country for teaching migrants to read?

Because, if you're good at reading in your own language...'first language literacy skills enhance second language learning'

    Do you like reading in your own language - and in English?

Indeed, if you like reading, that's a good start: "children who read for pleasure are better at english"

    Indeed, do you enjoy reading?!

Finally, a bit more politics from the English-speaking world: does wider literacy make for a wiser electorate? and Brexit, Trump and dumbing down

READING IN THE ESL/ESOL/TEFL CLASS

Reading is about communicating, not learning grammar rules or lists of words: the communicative approach in the esl/esol/tefl classroom

    Is this how you were taught English?

It's about reading 'real' stuff: using authentic materials in the esl/esol/tefl classroom

    Do you use only course books in your language classes?

There are some great places to go on the internet to do some reading: great online resources to improve your english

    What are your favourite websites for reading?

There are very specific resources for language learners: the key language learning benefits of graded readers

    Have you tried 'easy readers'? Have you read these together with listening to the text?

There is the AntiMoon website: pause and think: or, how to improve your language skills

    Have you given much thought to how you should be reading?

There are specific methods and approaches: Krashen and the comprehensible input theory and from narrow reading and listening to fluency: part two

    Have you tried focussing on just one author or genre?

And finally, there are different levels, different styles, different ways of saying the same thing: code-switching: jumping between different registers, different voices and different languages

    Can you recognise different 'registers' when you read? And can you learn from this, to integrate them into your own active language?

WHAT TO READ

We read for the story, or not: what makes a good detective story - it's not the plot And we read the classics, or not: reading detective stories from the 1950s

    What sort of things do you like to read?

Some things are better than others: banning books, the school curriculum and critical race theory in the United States

    Are certain books not allowed in your country?

We see books in different ways: books, libraries and librarians

    How many books do you have and where do you keep them?

We see bookshops in different ways: sections in a bookshop...

    Do you like to spend time in a bookshop?

ENGLISH LITERATURE

We need a definition: English literature and English literature and reading in English: a summary

    What do you understand to be the literature of your language and your country?

We need to be careful about how we see English - and 'the danger of a single story' about language and culture: what we think about the British empire - 70 years after the partition of India

    What do you understand about the 'status' of your language?

There is certainly a sense of place in writing: English literature in the south west of England

    Are different parts of your country famous for particular books or writers?

And there is a sense of time and place: Jay Doubleyou: english literature and english society

    What different 'eras' and 'styles' of writing are there in your language?

READING AND PRONUCIATION

There are issues around 'phonics': how to teach/learn reading and a critique of phonics and 

    Do you have issues with pronouncing what you read?

There are different accents in written language: the English-speaking world: Devon in England and the English-speaking world: west Africa

    Can you read in English and still hear the accents?!

Dictation can be a great way to work on both reading skills and pronunciation: practical dictation > online texts and audio and dictation can be fun

    Do you really hate dictation?!

Finally, reading out loud is considered a bit of a no-no; using difficult texts in the esl classroom

    Do you like to read out loud?!

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