There is the philosophy of justice:
Rawls further developed his two central principles for his discussion of justice. Together, they dictate that society should be structured so that the greatest possible amount of liberty is given to its members, limited only by the notion that the liberty of any one member shall not infringe upon that of any other member. Secondly, inequalities – either social or economic – are only to be allowed if the worst off will be better off than they might be under an equal distribution. Finally, if there is such a beneficial inequality, this inequality should not make it harder for those without resources to occupy positions of power – for instance, public office.[1]
A Theory of Justice - Wikipedia
With a very popular online course available:
Justice with Michael Sandel - YouTube
Justice: What's The Right Thing To Do? Episode 01 "THE MORAL SIDE OF MURDER" - YouTube
And there is the practice of justice:
Jay Doubleyou: restorative justice
Jay Doubleyou: crime and punishment
With experiments happening in Liverpool [from 2:36:00]
Back to philosophy:
Prisoners should indeed suffer for the wrongs they have done, not only because locking them up keeps society safe, and not only because their suffering may deter future offenders, but also because it is better that they come to truly understand the error of their ways, even if they never step back into society afterwards. In bringing about the feelings of shame that attend moral insight, punishment can add moral knowledge to the world. And more knowledge is better than less.
On Retributive Punishment | Issue 163 | Philosophy Now
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