Sunday 31 December 2023

the future of ai and english language teaching

Teachers, students and others working in languages are using AI more and more:

Jay Doubleyou: chat gpt in teaching/learning/working with english

Jay Doubleyou: learning english online - a massively growing market

The British Council has just put a report together looking at the use of AI in ELT: "Artificial Intelligence and English language teaching"

Here are a few highlights:

A British Council survey of English-language teachers in 118 countries finds that most teachers are already using some kind of AI-powered tool

Teachers believe AI offers benefits in terms of their instructional capabilities and also students’ ability to learn, but they are also concerned about over-reliance on AI

Most do not feel they have been provided enough training to incorporate AI into their work

Global survey says English teachers are both enthusiastic and concerned about AI | monitor.icef.com

The British Council have also summarised their findings on their Teaching English website:

How is artificial intelligence (AI) being used for English language teaching and learning (ELT/L) worldwide? What are the opportunities, issues, and challenges? Educational technology experts working with the British Council looked at the current literature and consulted a range of people to understand their views on this subject.

Artificial intelligence and English language teaching: Preparing for the future | TeachingEnglish | British Council

This is from a longer look by Lauren Billings writing in the EL Gazette this month:

In the Council’s talks with key stakeholders, the majority believe AI will not replace the need for human teachers. Instead, they see AI as aiding teachers, and say more analysis needs to be done on which tasks should be delegated to AI or humans. What AI means in this context, however, is unclear, as experts also believe there isn’t a widely understood definition, with more work needed to create one.

Preparing for the future: new report on the impact of AI in ELT - E L Gazette

Finally, here's a finding from PIE News looking closely at the report which might have geopolitical consequences:

In terms of literature, 19% of articles on AI in ELT have come from China, with 72% coming from Asia as a continent.

“It’s a massive swing. The superpowers in AI are the US, China and Europe, but the latter is probably a fair bit behind those two. That swing to China specifically, for policymakers, especially in the US and the UK, is quite a big thing, really. It highlights the amount of investment that the Chinese are putting into it,” Adam Edmett, one of the report’s authors and the British Council’s head of edtech innovation told The PIE News.

Asia leading charge on AI ELT research

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Saturday 9 December 2023

babies learn from sing-song speech

'Baby talk' is good for our language learning!

Speaking to babies in ‘sing-song’ speech – such as nursery rhymes – is the best way for them to learn how to talk, according to a new study. Linguists have long considered phonetics – the smallest sound elements of speech, typically represented by the alphabet – to be the foundation of language.

Babies Learn Language Best Through 'Sing-Song' Speech, Study Shows - Zenger News

As reported in the press:

Parents should speak to babies in sing-song speech to help them learn languages - Latest From ITV News

Speaking to babies in sing-song speech ‘helps them learn language’ | The Independent

Why nursery rhymes are best for your child's brain: Speaking in a sing-song voice helps babies to learn language, study finds | Daily Mail Online

Babies: Their Wonderful World - Exploring the science behind 'baby talk' - BBC Tiny Happy People

And here's some of the neuroscience:

Contrary to the belief that phonetic information is the foundation of language, this study reveals that rhythmic speech plays a crucial role in language acquisition during a child’s first months. Phonetic information is not reliably processed until around seven months of age, whereas rhythmic information helps babies recognize word boundaries from the start.

The study sheds light on language learning and its relation to dyslexia and developmental language disorders.

Key Facts:

  1. Babies learn language more effectively through rhythmic speech, emphasizing word boundaries.
  2. Phonetic information is not fully processed until around seven months of age.
  3. Rhythmic information is a universal aspect of all languages and aids language development.
Source: University of Cambridge

Babies Learn Language Best Through Sing-Song Speech, Not Phonetics - Neuroscience News

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Friday 8 December 2023

the politics of language part three

In 2014 the subject was considered:

Jay Doubleyou: the politics of language

In 2021 this subject was considered:

Jay Doubleyou: the politics of language

Here's more...

But first, a real wordsmith died yesterday:

Benjamin Zephaniah: Writer, poet and Peaky Blinders actor dies aged 65 - BBC News

What is 'correct English? Or 'correct French'? It's politically fraught!

Jay Doubleyou: translating with an accent

Jay Doubleyou: what are the new words in languages around the world?

Jay Doubleyou: no language is set in amber

Jay Doubleyou: the english-speaking world: west africa

Jay Doubleyou: what is a 'native speaker' of english? the issue of race...

Jay Doubleyou: eurish

Jay Doubleyou: why the urban dictionary is so good

When is a language a language and not a dialect?

Jay Doubleyou: idiolect vs dialect

Jay Doubleyou: imposing one language on china

What bits of language are forbidden in the English speaking world?

Jay Doubleyou: banning books, the school curriculum and critical race theory in the united states

Jay Doubleyou: register: populism, culture wars and woke

Jay Doubleyou: why giving a welsh park a welsh name is problematic - or not

In what way is class or other identities a barrier to the use of language?

Jay Doubleyou: oracy

Jay Doubleyou: upgrade english for speakers of other languages in the uk

Jay Doubleyou: "poetry in the classroom: some kids i taught and what they taught me": three years on

Jay Doubleyou: learning to use the appropriate register @ fawlty towers

Do different nationalities use language differently?

Jay Doubleyou: british vs german humour

Jay Doubleyou: what are the elements of 'british humour'?

Language is at the heart of propaganda:

Jay Doubleyou: the propaganda wars today

Jay Doubleyou: information wars in america, russia and ukraine

Language is at the heart of wars:

Jay Doubleyou: language in ukraine: language maps

Jay Doubleyou: language and politics in ukraine

Jay Doubleyou: linguistic segregation vs a common language in the former yugoslavia

Language is at the heart of politics:

Jay Doubleyou: ambiguity in politics - part two

Jay Doubleyou: how to spot media bias

Jay Doubleyou: linguistic relativism

In the UK:

Jay Doubleyou: the language of brexit

Jay Doubleyou: english as a european language

Jay Doubleyou: global britain: seeing the languages of immigrants as an asset to be nurtured

Jay Doubleyou: english as a lingua franca in post-brexit europe

And in the United States too:

Jay Doubleyou: the language of donald trump

Jay Doubleyou: register: populism, culture wars and woke

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Tuesday 5 December 2023

science, technology and philosophy

SCIENCE:

There are lots of ways to access and explore different aspects of science:

Jay Doubleyou: more animation at ted talks

Jay Doubleyou: science museum london

On all sorts of subjects:

Jay Doubleyou: a critique of psychology

Jay Doubleyou: cognitive science and developmental neuroscience

Jay Doubleyou: women and science

With an example of a very different aspect:

Jay Doubleyou: the cat that walked by himself

Jay Doubleyou: just so stories

And another example:

Jay Doubleyou: the church of the flying spaghetti monster

TECHNOLOGY:

And there are lots of places to explore technology:

Jay Doubleyou: futures on the bbc

And lots of themes too:

Jay Doubleyou: chat gpt in teaching/learning/working with english

Jay Doubleyou: smartphones in the english language classroom

Jay Doubleyou: gamification is everywhere

Jay Doubleyou: can children teach themselves - using technology?

With more:

Jay Doubleyou: how green are electric cars?

Jay Doubleyou: crypto currencies in the news

Jay Doubleyou: how to recycle a building

Jay Doubleyou: form vs function

It can get a bit funny:

Jay Doubleyou: open the door!

PHILOSOPHY:

A lot of the issues  touch on philosophy:

Jay Doubleyou: ivan illich: schooling, technology, and culture

Jay Doubleyou: does technology make us more un/equal?

Jay Doubleyou: is technology going to save us?

Jay Doubleyou: tinkering school

And:

Jay Doubleyou: the great divergence

And:

Jay Doubleyou: how has technology changed us?

Which leads to:

BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time

In Our Time - Bergson and Time - BBC Sounds

BBC Radio 4 - A History of Ideas

BBC Radio 4 - A History of Ideas, Physicist Tara Shears on Falsification, Karl Popper's Falsification

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Monday 4 December 2023

giving a presentation about your favourite sport

How can we talk about sport in an interesting and engaging way?

Jay Doubleyou: football and poetry

Jay Doubleyou: sport and history

Let's take boxing.

Firstly, we need to create some sort of structure:

1: history 2: rules/equipment 3: countries 4: lifestyle/training/celebrities 5: popular sport 6: championships

Then we need to do some research:


Boxing - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ancient Greek boxing - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

How much of it is 'propaganda' and how useful is it?

A look at the history of boxing in Saudi Arabia | Arab News

How many 'controversial topics' will you look at?

Why are Muslim Men Dominating UFC and Boxing? - YouTube

Are videos useful?

A Brief History of Boxing and the Muscles Used - YouTube

How much detail do you need?

Boxing - Wikipedia

For example:

Bare-knuckle boxing - Wikipedia

Broughton Rules - Wikipedia

London Prize Ring Rules - Wikipedia

Marquess of Queensberry Rules - Wikipedia

If you want to keep a non-expert audience interested, what can you show them?

Boxing Highlights TV - YouTube

famous boxing matches - Google Search

And what would be your conclusion or summary?

And how would you handle the Q&As?

Enjoy!

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Sunday 3 December 2023

eurish

English is of course spoken across Europe:

English language in Europe - Wikipedia

And in the meantime, a language is emerging that is spoken across the continent but not in 'English speaking countries': 

It is mostly used among EU staff, expatriates and migrants from EU countries, young international travellers (such as exchange students in the EU's Erasmus programme) and European diplomats with a lower proficiency in the language.

Euro English - Wikipedia

This started about a decade ago:

Eurish has developed a grammar of its own

Do you speak Eurish? EU has its own language that's far too difficult | World | News | Express.co.uk

And now after Brexit:

One feature is the European uncountable noun — singular in native-speaker English but plural in Eurish: “he received feedbacks”, “we have a lot of informations” and “we are producing online contents”.

There are other Eurish differences. I have heard both Germans and Italians say “we discussed about” rather than “we discussed”. “I will answer to your question” is common in many European discussions. Writing in the World Englishes journal, Mr Modiano adds others: “I am coming from Spain” rather than “I come from Spain” and “We were five people at the party” rather than “There were five people at the party”.

Continental Europeans are increasingly unworried about what Brits think of their developing English.

The evolution of Eurish - Marginal REVOLUTION

Europe speaks its own post-Brexit English

Here's a look at the differences:

Preliminary observations on the differences between Eurish, Globish and “natural” English

With the full piece here:

ECA Subject Brief

The New European's Francis Beckett writes in the latest issue:

But at least, surely, English remains the language in which the European institutions work?

Well, in a sense. The language in which the commission does its business, in which meetings are held and all official documents are written, looks every year less and less like the language you and I speak.

The British staffers used to protect it, to point out gently that this or that construction might sound fine in French or Spanish but it wouldn’t do in the language of Shakespeare. But they are no longer there, and of the two remaining Anglophone nations, Ireland has chosen to nominate Gaelic as its official language, and Malta has nominated Maltese.

So a new language is developing, which may eventually be related to English only in the way that Yiddish is related to German, or Niçois to Italian. It is developing just as a new language always develops, by using English words in French, Spanish or Italian constructions, and by importing words from European languages. I’d be tempted to call it Eurish.

In Eurish, you do not attend a meeting; you assist a meeting, because the French word assister means attend. You don’t plan a project, you have a planification. A deposit is a caution (because it is in French.) Spanish has contributed “a planning” for a schedule, “formation” for education, and “actually” for currently.

More are added each year.

Replacing English as the commission’s working language would be difficult. But the French are taking the commission to court over certain examinations for commission posts being in English only; and increasingly it’s Eurish anyway.

Brexit has wiped Britain off the map - The New European

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Saturday 2 December 2023

translating with an accent

What should a translations sound like?

They should certainly reflect the original - which will included dialect and accent:

Translation is a tough enough discipline at the best of times, but when accents and dialects are factored in it becomes a real test of a linguist’s skills. So anyone hoping to use free software to translate something where accents are involved should give up now!

You may think that producing translations where the source includes a variety of dialects is something you’ll rarely be called upon to do, but everything from classic works of literature to Disney films makes use of accents as a way of fleshing out characters. By simply wiping all accents out, and making all of the characters speak a standardised version of the target language, the translator significantly alters the way the character is perceived by the reader.

Accents and Dialects: A Thorny Issue for Translators | Language Insight

Nelson Mandela famously said “If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart.” That’s exactly why businesses need to consider regions as well as languages by using a localised translation service and dialect translator when translating content.

Translating Dialects And Interpreting Accents - Global Voices

Lost sales opportunities. Lost depth of character. Miscommunication between two people who, in theory, speak the same language. Glossing over differences between accents and dialects can be a recipe for disaster in all sorts of situations.

Would all of the characters in Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn be as good if their dialogue was blankly rendered into standard American English? Would a misused dialect word instantly kill off your chances of connecting with your new target audience?

Accents and Dialects in Translation

Much has been said about translation’s challenges, joys, and nuanced politics of choice – of the decision-making it necessitates. Perhaps not many people think simultaneously in two (or more) languages, two cultures, two texts as intimately as a translator. In the course of engaging with the rewarding art of translating a text – and translating a reader, as the writer, poet and translator A K Ramanujan saw it – I found myself struck by thoughts on language and specifically on literature in India, far more than I wanted to be, some days. These evolving, shape-shifting metaphors and ideas started with an untethered phrase: ‘to translate with an accent’...

I submit to you this: could we as translators cultivate a practice of translating with an accent? And editors and readers process it and read it, respectively, while noticing said accent? I understand this is a tricky premise to begin with, for the lines between foreignisation and domestication are constantly shifting, the blurriness between the choices blurred further by the translator’s own language, experiences, and so on. But what if we could find a way to retain a phrase here, a word there, to remind the reader that the text comes from another language; that, in reading an unfamiliar word, they have just learnt something new, have learnt a word which they might never use themselves but whose meaning, should they see it again, they might remember? In doing so, in my case, Kannada gains another reader. It goes without saying that there is a fine balance to be sought, between keeping some source language and ensuring a reader in English (in this case) is not met with an impenetrable target text. Here is where I shall argue that we, as various parties in this transfer between cultures, should, instead of trying to contort the source language to fit the English idiom, look for ways to stretch English so that it too can speak somewhat with the accent of the original language. Because, devoid of the musicality with which retained accents enrich the translation, we would remain separate languages and cultures, condemned to bear the burden of the proper in our unaccommodating, un-elastic cultural lives.

Working in the English language as an Indian with many languages is a process in negotiating with its politics every other day. Decolonising the mind, and then our outer worlds, and therefore our culture is but a lifelong attempt. In the meanwhile, though, I wonder if perhaps we could see the English language, in this context, for its elasticity. Language is meant to stretch this way and that; when an elastic band snaps back in place, it often no longer retains its perfect round shape. When we speak with an accent, write with one, translate with many, the palimpsest of language loses not much, but stretches across the artificiality of bridges and borders. Like that only, as we would say here in India.

To Translate with an Accent – PEN Transmissions

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Friday 1 December 2023

why is google not as good as it used to be?

The Google serch engine is not as it was - and for many reasons:

Look up a search term that can also be a product — asthma inhalers, for example — and you will need to scroll past up to four large adverts before reaching non-sponsored results. Search for clothing and the entire first page will be companies hoping to make a sale. Even non-ad results can look like wrong answers, with links full of buzzwords so Google gives them a higher ranking.

When it launched in the late 90s, Google Search was one of many search engines. But Larry Page and Sergey Brin’s PageRank algorithm, which organised websites by the number of times they were linked to other pages, meant their search engine was best at bringing up relevant results. It quickly became the most popular.

In theory, users would up sticks and go elsewhere if the service was in decline. But Google Search has no real competitors. When did you last use Microsoft search engine Bing or DuckDuckGo? The prevalence of Google’s Chrome browser and the fact that it pays Apple to be the default search engine give it a huge advantage. DuckDuckGo also claims Google’s rivals struggle because they cannot crawl, or visit, the same number of sites looking for links.

Whatever happened to Google Search?

What Happened To Google Search? - YouTube

With discussions on forums from the last couple of years:

What the hell happened to Google? : r/AskTechnology

What happened to Google search? It has become nearly impossible to find relevant results. : r/google

And more recently, it's all about AI and algorithms:

The future of Google Search is AI. But not in the way you think. The company synonymous with web search isn’t all in on chatbots (even though it’s building one, called Bard), and it’s not redesigning its homepage to look more like a ChatGPT-style messaging system. Instead, Google is putting AI front and center in the most valuable real estate on the internet: its existing search results.

AI is coming to Google search through Search Generative Experience - The Verge

Sounds great:

AI platforms and their impact on Google search - Digital Balance

But it isn't...

There is no easy way to explain the sum of Google’s knowledge. It is ever-expanding. Endless. A growing web of hundreds of billions of websites, more data than even 100,000 of the most expensive iPhones mashed together could possibly store. But right now, I can say this: Google is confused about whether there’s an African country beginning with the letter k.

I’ve asked the search engine to name it. “What is an African country beginning with K?” In response, the site has produced a “featured snippet” answer—one of those chunks of text that you can read directly on the results page, without navigating to another website. It begins like so: “While there are 54 recognized countries in Africa, none of them begin with the letter ‘K.’”

This is wrong. The text continues: “The closest is Kenya, which starts with a ‘K’ sound, but is actually spelled with a ‘K’ sound. It’s always interesting to learn new trivia facts like this.”

Given how nonsensical this response is, you might not be surprised to hear that the snippet was originally written by ChatGPT. But you may be surprised by how it became a featured answer on the internet’s preeminent knowledge base. The search engine is pulling this blurb from a user post on Hacker News, an online message board about technology, which is itself quoting from a website called Emergent Mind, which exists to teach people about AI—including its flaws. At some point, Google’s crawlers scraped the text, and now its algorithm automatically presents the chatbot’s nonsense answer as fact, with a link to the Hacker News discussion. The Kenya error, however unlikely a user is to stumble upon it, isn’t a one-off: I first came across the response in a viral tweet from the journalist Christopher Ingraham last month, and it was reported by Futurism as far back as August. (When Ingraham and Futurism saw it, Google was citing that initial Emergent Mind post, rather than Hacker News.) ...

Perhaps someday these tools will get smarter, and be able to fact-check themselves. Until then, things will probably get weirder. This week, on a lark, I decided to ask Google’s generative search tool to tell me who my husband is. (I’m not married, but when you begin typing my name into Google, it typically suggests searching for “Caroline Mimbs Nyce husband.”) The bot told me that I’m wedded to my own uncle, linking to my grandfather’s obituary as evidence—which, for the record, does not state that I am married to my uncle.

A representative for Google told me that this was an example of a “false premise” search, a type that is known to trip up the algorithm. If she were trying to date me, she argued, she wouldn’t just stop at the AI-generated response given by the search engine, but would click the link to fact-check it. Let’s hope others are equally skeptical of what they see.

Google’s Relationship With Facts Is Getting Wobblier - The Atlantic

There is a lot of scepticism and confusion out there:

Google's Searchbot Could Put Me Out of a Job - The Atlantic

And it's happening with all search engines:

What is happening with search engines? Why are all the results so unhelpful lately? : r/NoStupidQuestions

But there might be other places to try:

21 Great Search Engines You Can Use Instead Of Google




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Thursday 30 November 2023

reparations

CLIMATE:

The latest international talks on climate change have opened today:

COP28: Can a climate summit in an oil state change anything? - BBC News

Too little. Too late. Too slow. But could COP yet turn the tide on climate change?

There's a lot of debate around 'reparations':

There is a word that we are going to hear once COP28 gets underway in Dubai later this week: ‘reparations’. While US climate envoy John Kerry has tried to rule out any US agreement to pay reparations to countries affected by what he himself might claim were ‘climate-related disasters’, many developing countries are determined to put compensation top of the agenda, and push it far further than the agreement last year at COP27 to create a ‘loss and damage’ fund whereby developed nations hand out money to poor ones deemed to be affected by climate change.

Climate reparations are an awful idea | The Spectator

US refuses climate reparations for developing nations - BBC News

Rich countries with high greenhouse gas emissions could pay $170tn in climate reparations | Climate crisis | The Guardian

Are climate reparations finally on the way for vulnerable countries? | Climate Crisis News | Al Jazeera

SLAVERY:

The idea of 'reparations' is being applied in other contentious areas:

Brazil bank's ties to slavery reopen wounds, reparations debate

African and Caribbean nations agree move to seek reparations for slavery | Slavery | The Guardian

Big business benefited from slavery – let it pay reparations | Slavery | The Guardian

Bristol University to change logo associated with Edward Colston and start £10m 'reparations' fund - Bristol Live

EMPIRE:

From King Charles III to the publishers of the Guardian, they fall over themselves to admit to crimes they did not commit. Black impotence and white guilt make a heady mixture. What history clearly shows is that reparations have always represented the interests of the compensating power, not the compensated. Historical guilt is a luxury only the very rich can afford.

Against reparations - spiked

‘Inevitable’ India’s jewels taken by British empire will be returned, says author | British empire | The Guardian

£18 trillion - what Britain owes in reparations. Time to pay up. - Voice Online

Former British colonies renew calls for reparations on Emancipation Day | Slavery News | Al Jazeera

WAR:

Ukraine urges world court to impose 'reparations' over Russia war

Council of Europe Summit creates register of damage for Ukraine as first step towards an international compensation mechanism for victims of Russian aggression - Portal

Should Ukraine get Russia’s frozen reserves?

AND:

Poland’s ruling party hopes call for German war reparations can swing election – POLITICO

Poland should pay Russia $750bn for WW2 “liberation”, says chairman of State Duma | Notes From Poland

AND:

Italian Jewish leader says new $67 million Holocaust reparations fund 'a mockery' | The Times of Israel

Holocaust survivors to receive $1.4 billion in payments from Germany next year : NPR

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Wednesday 29 November 2023

who are you?

This is the story of a writer who, after having great success with his first book, has a disastrous creative block. So much so, that not even the pencils want to write for him. In her anguish for him, a delivery girl arrives at his door and delivers a mysterious box. After inviting her in for coffee, they share a pleasant conversation about fame and success. What's in the box?... No one knows what inspiration can be wrapped up in.


Who are you? - YouTube

What is a Model Citizen? A Model Citizen is a providing father. A Model Citizen is a caring mother, all in service of a scrappy, young boy or girl. A Model Child raised by a Model Family, to become a Model Citizen of their own!" This brand-spanking-new installment of the Autodale series follows the lives of the Robinson family; Autodale's perfect citizens. I've wanted to make an animated short film based around the life-cycle of an Autodale citizen/family for a very long time. We've only ever seen Autodale through the eyes of children. All of the other short films in the series focus on skeptical children being successfully brainwashed/indoctrinated into complacency with Autodale's dystopian ways. This short film doesn't have that arc. This short film is about the parents. These characters have NO DOUBTS about how this system works anymore...

"Model Citizen" | Dystopian Animated Short Film (2020) - YouTube

What makes you, you? Psychologists like to talk about our traits, or defined characteristics that make us who we are. But Brian Little is more interested in moments when we transcend those traits — sometimes because our culture demands it of us, and sometimes because we demand it of ourselves. Join Little as he dissects the surprising differences between introverts and extroverts and explains why your personality may be more malleable than you think.

Who are you, really? The puzzle of personality | Brian Little - YouTube

Brian Little: Who are you, really? The puzzle of personality | TED Talk

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Tuesday 28 November 2023

no language is set in amber

The French language "is not set in amber", says Marie le Conte:

There are now 300 million French speakers globally, across 106 countries and territories. Of these, 235 million speak it every day; of those, 59% live in Africa. It is both a very rigid language and a fundamentally elastic one.

When so many people across the world technically use the same words, they are bound to twist and change them as they see fit. If a Québécois went to Cameroon tomorrow, they would probably struggle to find their feet, at least for the first few days.

It is a diversity that should be celebrated, but it isn’t clear that French elites see it that way. Organs such as the Académie française often do their best to make sure that little changes, and that only the most classical of French is seen as correct...

The Cité Internationale de la Langue Française has just opened its doors... the new museum’s director, Paul Rondin, told Radio France International that “we are witnessing a real deterioration in the language. We’ve let ourselves be devoured by a globish that isn’t English […] The language has been transformed into an accumulation of signs, leaving little room for complexity and diversity, accelerated by digital technology where it’s not even quite Globish but pieces of Globish or of what used to be French.”

He isn’t entirely wrong, of course. There are things we lose by attempting to create languages that are spoken and understood by hundreds of millions of people, including many who did not grow up with them. There are nuances and a certain subtlety that must be sacrificed, and it is no small price to pay.

Still, there is joy to be found in bridging gaps between different countries and populations, and in bringing people closer by making sure they understand one another. Languages only die when they are not spoken; letting them evolve means giving them another lease of life.

This is why it is encouraging to see that at least some of the museum’s resources seem to welcome change. As one of their online exhibitions points out, “each speaker adapts the ‘language of Molière’ as he or she sees fit, according to his or her identity, heritage, needs and environment… This diversity is a guarantee of vitality!”

Perhaps most importantly, it treats French expressions from France as similar to phrases from, say, Gabon, Louisiana or New Brunswick. The director’s take may be old-fashioned, but the museum is forward-looking.

The French language is not set in amber - The New European

No language is set in amber:

Languages are constantly in flux. Changes in lexical meaning alter with each generation, even within the same culture or social group, and languages evolve as new words are developed in line with technology or are borrowed from other languages.

How Languages Change over Time - Creative Word

Every language has a history, and, as in the rest of human culture, changes are constantly taking place in the course of the learned transmission of a language from one generation to another. This is just part of the difference between human culture and animal behaviour. Languages change in all their aspects, in their pronunciation, word forms, syntax, and word meanings (semantic change). These changes are mostly very gradual in their operation, becoming noticeable only cumulatively over the course of several generations. But, in some areas of vocabulary, particular words closely related to rapid cultural change are subject to equally rapid and therefore noticeable changes within a generation or even within a decade. In the 20th century the vocabulary of science and technology was an outstanding example. The same is also true of those parts of vocabulary that are involved in fashionable slangs and jargons, whose raison d’être in promoting group, particularly age-group, solidarity depends on their being always fresh and distinctive. Old slangs date, as any novel or film more than 10 years old is apt to show.

Language - Evolution, Acquisition, Structure | Britannica

Language is always changing, evolving, and adapting to the needs of its users. This isn't a bad thing; if English hadn't changed since, say, 1950, we wouldn't have words to refer to modems, fax machines, or cable TV. As long as the needs of language users continue to change, so will the language. The change is so slow that from year to year we hardly notice it, except to grumble every so often about the ‘poor English’ being used by the younger generation! However, reading Shakespeare's writings from the sixteenth century can be difficult. If you go back a couple more centuries, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales are very tough sledding, and if you went back another 500 years to try to read Beowulf, it would be like reading a different language.

Is English Changing? | Linguistic Society of America

There are many reasons why languages change, and I'll cover a few of them, but also: We don't entirely know why all changes happen! Sometimes changes are really well-documented over centuries—I'll share a few English examples—but other changes, especially pronunciation changes, are less well understood. It's easy to reflect on changes that have already happened, but basically impossible to predict what will change in the future.

Why Do Languages Change Over Time and Can Change Be Avoided?

What a linguistic looking at the long-term picture might perceive as changes can look to people living through them simply as errors. If you were writing an essay, you wouldn’t start sentences with prepositions, refer to authors whose books you’re referencing by their first names, use “gonna” or “ain’t” or describe an academic’s theory as “awesome”. But these things might all be normal for essay writers in a generation or two. The essays you write today would seem similarly error-laden if you had to submit them fifty years ago, when “fantastic” primarily meant implausible or otherworldly, “hello” was still used as an expression of surprise as well as a greeting, and middle-class children were discouraged by their parents from using an expression as slangy as “hi”.

5 Things That Cause Languages to Change - Oxford Royale

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Monday 27 November 2023

"my english education"

The Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov wrote in English for most of his life:

He learned to read English before he could read Russian and had a succession of English tutors and governesses, as well as other nationalities.

My English Education | The New Yorker


archives.newyorker.com/newyorker/1948-03-27/flipbook/025

In his piece on his English education, he recalls the variety of English teachers he encountered as a boy in pre-Revolutionary St Petersburg:

russillosm.com/smem.html

It's from his much-acclaimed autobiography:

Time Magazine listed the book among the 100 All-TIME non-fiction books indicating that its "impressionist approach deepens the sense of memories relived through prose that is gorgeous, rich and full"

Speak, Memory - Wikipedia

Which is indeed greatly appreciated even today:

Why Nabokov’s Speak, Memory Still Speaks to Us | The National Endowment for the Humanities

Here is an excerpt from Chapter 4:

I learned to read English before I could read Russian. My first English friends were four simple souls in my grammar—Ben, Dan, Sam and Ned. There used to be a great deal of fuss about their identities and whereabouts—“Who is Ben?” “He is Dan,” “Sam is in bed,” and so on. Although it all remained rather stiff and patchy (the compiler was handicapped by having to employ—for the initial lessons, at least—words of not more than three letters), my imagination somehow managed to obtain the necessary data. Wan-faced, big-limbed, silent nitwits, proud in the possession of certain tools (“Ben has an axe”), they now drift with a slow-motioned slouch across the remotest backdrop of memory; and, akin to the mad alphabet of an optician’s chart, the grammar-book lettering looms again before me.

Saturday 25 November 2023

how to teach english to refugees

How can we help displaced people - far from home and needing to live somewhere else - to learn the language of their adoptive country?

These often traumatised people will have to go to school, find a job and place to live, learn to be part of the community and to communicate with neighbours.

There are lots of materials out there to help.

Here's the latest from the OUP - for free:

A new paper from Oxford University Press offers information and guidance for language teachers who may be struggling to teach refugees.

New guidance for teaching refugees - E L Gazette

And there are a lot of other good places to go: 

We’ve gotten so many calls lately looking for advice for teaching refugees and migrants. The usual questions are what do I need to teach English followed by what are the best TEFL resource for teaching English to refugees? We want to share our knowledge with you to help you change someone’s life, today.

TEFL Resources: Teaching English to Refugees - Premier TEFL

So, when we talk about the types of work you might be doing to help refugees, what exactly do we mean? Find out how to make yourself useful and get into the right positions with our advice!

Teaching English to refugees: tips & resources | The TEFL Org

Rachel Thomas teaches a weekly ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages) class in Streatham, South London. She recounts here how she got into voluntary teaching and shares both tips and experiences of teaching English in her local community.

Tips for teaching English to migrants and refugees in the UK | British Council

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Thursday 16 November 2023

what is franco arabic?

The Arabic chat alphabet, Arabizi,[1] or Arabeezi refer to the romanized alphabets for informal Arabic dialects in which Arabic script is transcribed or encoded into a combination of Latin script and Arabic numerals. These informal chat alphabets were originally used primarily by youth in the Arab world in very informal settings—especially for communicating over the Internet or for sending messages via cellular phones—though use is not necessarily restricted by age anymore and these chat alphabets have been used in other media such as advertising.[2][3]

Arabic chat alphabet - Wikipedia

Franco’ is the unofficial Arabic online language, which combines numbers and English letters to make up Arabic words. The utilization of ‘Franco’ is largely on WhatApp and Facebook Messenger. One simply spells out a word or phrase the same way it would pronounced verbally in Arabic. Considering there are letters in the Arabic language that have no equivalent letter in English, numbers are used to represent the missing letters. All in all, the purpose of ‘Franco’ is to substitute numbers for Arabic letters to transcribe the sentence as accurately as possible.

The Unofficial Arabic texting language: Franco - Arab America


Franco-Arabic, the popular language of communication for conversations and chats on social media sites, is increasingly being seen as a threat to the Arabic language, culture and identity. While the language is commonly used in Egypt and several other Arab countries, it faces resistance from lovers of Arab identity and culture with campaigns such as "Write Arabic" and ‘Enough Franco." A heady cocktail of Arabic and English written in the Latin script, Franco-Arabic or Franco has gained huge popularity among the youth who relate to it because of its symbols which they can adopt to Arabic. So for example, the symbol ‘3’ is used to represent the Arabic letter ‘Ayn,’ 5 for the letter ‘kha,’ 7 for ‘Ha’ and 8 for ‘Ghain’.

Purists alarmed at increasing popularity of Franco-Arabic | Arab News

Have you heard about a special form of writing Arabic, called the Arabic Chat Alphabet? It's used mostly by young people across the Arabic world, and I used it myself to learn to speak Egyptian Arabic. The Arabic chat alphabet (alternatively the Franco-Arabic alphabet, or ‘Arabizi' عربيزي), it's an alternative to the standard written Arabic that uses the Latin script. It's an interesting product of the online generation. The reason for its evolution, was that when computers and mobile phones first began to spread, it was only possible to write in the Latin script. People started to look for ways to communicate in Arabic using the Latin script, and the Arabic chat alphabet was born.

Arabic Chat Alphabet - A Cool Alternative to Written Arabic

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Wednesday 15 November 2023

so many course books are "inaccurate, ignorant and so inappropriate"

The course book market for teaching English as a second/foreign language is dominated by publishers from the UK and USA:

English language teaching (ELT) publishing as we know it today has a long and lucrative history, dating, according to Rix (2008), from the Longman publication of Michael West's New Method Readers in 1926, to the present day, where annual turnover runs to around US$194 billion (Jordan & Gray, 2019). Some of the sector's best-sellers, such as Oxford University Press's Headway series (Soars & Soars), have sold over 70 million copies (Ożóg, 2018) with OUP's English File (Latham-Koenig, Oxenden, & Lambert) selling over a million copies in China alone. Generally speaking, it is taken for granted that commercial publications in the educational sector are based on sound, accepted pedagogical principles.

(PDF) The Global ELT coursebook: A case of Cinderella's slipper?

Looking at a very popular course book in British language schools, the Cutting Edge series from Longman looks pretty reliable:

New Cutting Edge: Pre-Intermediate

And by now there are plenty of versions to look at online:

(PDF) New Cutting Edge Pre-intermediate Students' Book.pdf ( PDFDrive ) | Hamilton Obando - Academia.edu

Plus lots of worksheets available:

ELT base - New Cutting Edge Pre-Intermediate students' book

To what extent, though, are such publications relevant to students beyond Western European teenagers? But more than that, can these course books be considered "inaccurate, ignorant and so inappropriate"?

To take an example from Cutting Edge Pre-Int module 5, looking at appearance. There are attempts to compare ideals of attractiveness across cultures - but today, some decade since it was printed, the pages so feel rather patronising, if not disrespectful towards how different people understand physical appearance. We have surely moved on from finding it rather funny that the Dinka people of Sudan consider 'fatness' as a positive attribute?

This is indeed one of the limitations of course books: we are given a starting point (text, sentences, audio) which is restrictive and prescriptive as much as it is descriptive:

Jay Doubleyou: why are most teaching materials boring?

So, why not actually start with the student?! They have so much to tell after all...

Finally, here's an alternative view:

Global textbooks (GTs) - full-featured English language teaching materials containing a range of workbooks, videos, CD-ROMs, and online materials - have become a major feature of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL)pedagogy in the 21st century. However, they are much maligned by some scholars as tools of cultural imperialism that damage local cultures and contribute to the learners' failure to acquire proficiency in English as a Foreign Language. This chapter uncovers a number of the sociopolitical dynamics that give rise to GT opposition, and questions some of the more strident claims of anti-GT scholars.

(PDF) Global Textbooks in Local Contexts: An Empirical Investigation of Effectiveness

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Friday 3 November 2023

what are 'stakeholders' for any business

What are 'stakeholders' for any business?

A stakeholder is a party that has an interest in a company and can either affect or be affected by the business. The primary stakeholders in a typical corporation are its investors, employees, customers, and suppliers.

However, with the increasing attention on corporate social responsibility, the concept has been extended to include communities, governments, and trade associations.

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What Are Stakeholders: Definition, Types, and Examples

Here's what the BBC for schools has to say:

Business stakeholders - Business stakeholders - Edexcel - GCSE Business Revision - Edexcel - BBC Bitesize

With more from Wikipedia:

Stakeholder (corporate) - Wikipedia

How true/cynical is this description?

Meaningless term used in meetings by powerful bureaucrats to subdue dissenters while gaining respect, cooperation, and sympathy from sheeple. The word performs multiple functions at once: 1) it conveys a farcical title upon attendant sheeple, giving them a false sense of self-importance for which they feel thankful to the bureaucrat; 2) it conveys a false sense of empathy, causing attendant sheeple to view the bureaucrat favorably; 3) it gives the bureaucrat the appearance of magnanimity, which in turn makes the bureaucrat seem reasonable and dissenters unreasonable.

Urban Dictionary: Stakeholder

It's all very well, but how do you engage your stakeholders?

What is Stakeholder Analysis? | Definition and Overview

How to Create a Stakeholder Strategy

Then there are specific areas - such as branding:

Identify the Brand Stakeholders | aytm

The key stakeholders you need to involve in your brand

How to Build a Brand That Connects to Every Stakeholder - Article - DAIS

Brand stakeholders: Who they are and how to interact with them

Finally, if you consult your stakeholders:

Why Companies Are 'Debranding' - YouTube

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Wednesday 1 November 2023

how brands evolve

What is brand evolution?

Brand Evolution in the Digital Age: Challenges and Opportunities

How do brands evolve?

Chris Moody on How Brands Evolve - YouTube

What are the choices?

Rebrand vs Brand Evolution: Which is Better for Your Brand?

Advertising and brands are very much connected:


The History of Advertising in 60 Seconds - YouTube

Here's more from the early days about the creation of a brand's identity - as suggested by an advertising agency in Madison Avenue, New York in the 1960s:


Mad Men 11 Lucky Strike - YouTube

With more on Lucky Strike here:

Jay Doubleyou: propaganda, public relations and manufacturing consent

Edward Bernays 1: Torches of Freedom - YouTube

Here's a very controversial ad - identifying the company with a modern protest movement:

Gillette's 'We believe: the best men can be' razors commercial takes on toxic masculinity - YouTube

Gillette #MeToo ad: Does being 'woke' pay off? | DW News - YouTube

Brands have always tried to tap into the culture of the time:

Study: Brand evolution a must in pro-pop culture landscape | Regent's University London

Prof says why Understanding Branding is Demanding - in Spoken Word and Rhyme - YouTube

Here's a critical look at the process:

How Apple and Nike have branded your brain | Your Brain on Money | Big Think - YouTube

Funnily enough, it "includes paid promotion":

Watching videos with paid product placements, sponsorships and endorsements - YouTube Help

Finally, how are brands evolving now?

Why Companies Are 'Debranding' - YouTube

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Tuesday 31 October 2023

americanisms in british english

It seems that American English is everywhere - even in the UK:

Top Americanisms the British Find Annoying | Blog | Pangea Localization Services

38 Americanisms the British Can’t Bloody Stand ‹ Literary Hub

Americanisms in British English | Cambridge English

We can be positive:

Let's be smart, and reach out to Americanisms - The New European

Or not:

How Americanisms are killing the English language - BBC Culture

The New European's language columnist Peter Trudgill looks at how much US English is in UK English - but also vice versa:

A brief case for Americanisms

Many of us now use words imported from across the pond, like ’truck’ instead of ’lorry’. But the traffic isn’t only one-way...

As I was growing up in the 1950s, I was unaware that I was unwittingly using words that previous generations had considered to be Americanisms. What I called a battery had previously been known as an accumulator; my father had originally called his briefcase a portfolio. And I have written evidence in my teenage diaries that, without being aware of what I was doing, I stopped saying wireless and started saying radio some time after 1960.

Now I am very aware, as younger people presumably are not, that some words and phrases currently being employed by many British people were until recently employed only by Americans...

Tuesday 24 October 2023

mr duncan's full english lessons

The English Addict with Mr Duncan is very popular - because it's fun and because folk seem to be actually learning some English from Mr Duncan:

 Learn English with English Addict with Mr Duncan - SuperEnglish

'Learning English with Misterduncan' is a very amusing series for learning English in simple & funny way presented by Mr Dunkan you can download more than 50 lessons from 'Learning English with Misterduncan'

Learn English free with Mr Duncan`s video series

The English Addict in 2023 Join in with the LIVE fun every Sunday at 2pm UK time for English Addict - Live from England. DO YOU LIKE LEARNING ENGLISH? DO YOU FEEL AS IF YOU CAN'T GET ENOUGH OF IT? THEN YOU MIGHT BE AN ENGLISH ADDICT... JUST LIKE ME. 8-) Welcome to the best kept secret on YouTube. All of my videos are free to view, as they always have been since 2006.

Show-English: English Addict with Mr Duncan на английском с субтитрами

Mister Duncan is an expressive English teacher who teaches English through his YouTube channel. He speaks British English naturally and clearly, and his videos are useful for listening practice. You can listen to more than 70 videos chronologically, or browse through the index to choose videos that interest you. The lessons include captions so that you can follow along. There is also a related channel called “Ask Misterduncan” where he answers a large selection of email questions from his viewers. Much of Mister Duncan’s inspiration comes from his own experience teaching English in China.

Misterduncan | EnglishClub

And here he is:

Monday 23 October 2023

why are most teaching materials boring?

Even the 'best' teaching materials strike as rather boring.

This is from the British Council:

Robot teachers

Robot teachers | LearnEnglish

It looks at what it obviously feels is a 'current' topic that students would be keen to look at. 

BUT:

The format is so predictable.

First there is feeding in vocab which the students can't possibly know or work out or look up for  themselves. Especially when the words are ripped out of context and presented as yet another meaningless list.

Then there is the text which is so full of assumptions and bad thinking - for example that "Teachers waste a lot of time doing non-teaching work, including more than 11 hours a week marking homework." Yes, 'teaching' is more than marking homework, but 'teaching' clearly involves giving feedback - and, anyway, there are other ways to 'mark homework' - such as getting the students to put it through an AI machine themselves...

Then there are the irritating True/False questions - which is supposed to be about 'comprehension', ie, what does the text/author actually say? But couldn't we also see these as points for discussion: why not start with these and then consider what the text/author thinks? So often these silly questions seem to be more about deliberately confusing the poor reader.

Then there are more of the sort of 'questions' which a robot could easily mark - as there will be a list of correct answers somewhere. But again, where's the nuance, the discussion, the playfulness? Yes, we need to know exactly what it says in the text - we need to stop being so lazy ourselves when 'skimming' a text. But it's all so dry!

Finally, we have the exciting 'open for debate' question which allows the students some free rein. But, again, why not put this at the beginning or have the question there throughout?

So, yes, this is lesson plan provides a framework of sorts - but we can turn it upside down and inside out - just to make it a bit more interesting for both students and teachers. 

And just maybe the students can teach the teachers something - and can give their own verdict of how good the lesson plan, the text, the author's views, etc were...

There are plenty of others thinking the same thing out there:

Why do most teachers make learning so boring? : r/TrueOffMyChest

We found that students adopt a variety of strategies to cope with boring lectures. The most popular are daydreaming (75% of students admitted doing this), doodling (66%), chatting to friends (50%), sending texts (45%), and passing notes to friends (38%).

Why do 60% of students find their lectures boring? | Sandi Mann | The Guardian


For two weeks in third grade, I preached the gospel of the wild boar. My teacher, the sprightly Mrs. DeWilde, assigned my class an open-ended research project: Create a five-minute presentation about any exotic animal. I devoted my free time before bedtime to capturing the wonders of the Sus scrofa in a 20-minute sermon. I filled a poster as big as my 9-year-old self with photographs, facts, and charts, complete with a fold-out diagram of the snout. During my presentation, I shared my five-stanza rhyming poem about the swine’s life cycle, painted the species’ desert and taiga habitats in florid detail, and made uncanny snorting impressions. I attacked each new project that year — a sketch of the water cycle, a history of the Powhatan — with the same evangelism.

Flash forward to the fall of my senior year in high school, and my near-daily lunchtime routine: hunched over at a booth in Wendy’s, chocolate Frosty in my right hand, copying calculus worksheets from Jimmy and Spanish homework from Chris with my left while they copied my notes on Medea or Jane Eyre. Come class, I spent more time playing Snake on my graphing calculator than reviewing integrals, more time daydreaming than conjugating verbs.

What happened in those nine years? Many things. But mainly, like the majority of my fellow Americans, I fell victim to the epidemic of classroom boredom. A 2013 Gallup poll of 500,000 students in grades five through 12 found that nearly eight in 10 elementary students were “engaged” with school, that is, attentive, inquisitive, and generally optimistic. By high school, the number dropped to four in 10...

Bored Out of Their Minds | Harvard Graduate School of Education

And it's happening in the EFL classroom:

Frontiers | The Effects of Boredom on EFL Learners' Engagement

Boring TEFL Lessons & Bored EFL Students • ICAL TEFL

Why Are So Many EFL Textbooks So Bland, Boring, and Culturally Tone Deaf?

English Language Teaching Now and How It Could Be - Cambridge Scholars Publishing

And the alternatives? Here's somebody really inspiring:

Most recently I have discovered mobile learning. I think it is especially promising when it recognises mobile devices as personal to the user (personalisation of features and use), as forming an integral part of the ways in which the user communicates (through call function and SMS but more importantly perhaps by giving the user access to social networks) and as a means to capture life as it happens. Pegrum nicely summarises the benefits of using mobile devices for language learning:

"[L]earners shift between contexts that feed directly into their unfolding learning. […] In the classroom or the schoolyard, as well as on excursions and outings, mobile devices support situated learning, as students receive or seek information from online sources, peers and mentors to inform their interactions with their contexts, and as they use their devise to make and share multimedia records of their contextualised learning experiences." (Pegrum, 2014: 19)

My newest discovery in this context is a book called The Mobile Story: Narrative Practices with Locative Technologies (Farman ed., 2014). It is a collection of essays aimed at making the reader reimagine the potential of the mobile phone as quintessentially a tool that we can use to tell our stories in ever new, personal, situated and creative ways. So far I have read one about dancers using Twitter to communicate ideas for dance improvisations remotely to each other. Their Tweets become embodied, situated and transformed into a new text code and improvisation continues across time and space. How fascinating!

A Principled Rejection of the Coursebook | Alex Collins on ELT Materials

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