Sunday, 31 August 2025

nigeria making an impact on america

Nigerians are doing well - especially in the United States:

... it is not just in music and entertainment that Nigerians are, for want of a better word, tearing up the dance floor. The runaway success of the country’s diaspora has been documented. For example, in the United States, Nigerian-Americans are among the most successful immigrant groups, topping the charts in a wide array of fields. According to the Washington-based Migration Policy Institute (MPI), Nigerians in the United States are the most educated immigrant group, with 61 percent holding at least a bachelor’s degree, “compared with 31 percent of the total foreign-born population and 32 percent of the US-born population.”  

This, however, has created The Nigerian Conundrum:

Accordingly, the Nigerian conundrum consists precisely in the discrepancy between the demonstrated success of Nigerians, resulting in an unmistakable cultural confidence, and the country’s notorious political sclerosis. Nigerian entertainers may be redefining the global soundscape, giving American entertainment a run for its money; yet, Nigeria as a country cannot seem to get out of its own way. Not only is it one of the world’s most corrupt countries, ranking 150 out of 180 countries in the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) for 2022, it is, perhaps deservedly, a global byword for dysfunction and infrastructural decay.

Nevertheless, despite its political troubles, culturally Nigeria makes a huge impact - including on the United States - with the Nigerian prom dresses that have the wow factor for US teenagers:

Anita Konneh,17, from Worcester in Massachusetts, ordered her dress from Keerah's Fashion Cave Photo: Tom Boakye

When Brianna made a TikTok video of herself in her African prom gown, she did not expect the reaction she got - it went viral and her post now has more than 1.1 million views. This reflects a growing interest that has driven demand for custom-made outfits with bold designs and unique embellishments. What began as a TikTok and Instagram trend - with people like Brianna flaunting their garments - has led to a booming business that links fashion designers in Africa to young people outside the continent.

The average price for an African-made prom dress ranges from $600 to $1,000 (£440 to £740), depending on the complexity of the design, fabric choice and added details. Custom luxury pieces can exceed $1,500. This may sound expensive but is much cheaper than having a garment custom made in the US - where the cost starts at around $3,500 and can go much higher depending on the designer and materials.

The BBC spoke to five fashion designers in Nigeria and Ghana who, in all, fulfilled more than 2,800 orders for prom dresses during the 2025 season, most of them bound for the US...

However, it's not all good news for the Nigerian economy: the US funding cuts have affected aid groups in Nigeria; when exporting to America under the new tariff regime, Nigeria now requires $80 Prepaid Duty each time; and Nigeria has been hit by US cuts to visa duration.

And yet, Nigeria tops South Africa as the Continent’s biggest economy - and culturally, the impact of Nigeria continues to grow, as Nigeria is the country that loves to overachieve.

And the cultural impact on the United States is particularly impressive, with Nigerian filmmakers at the Sundance film festival and Nigerian’s Afrobeat heavyweights at the Grammy awards.

Let's see how this develops!

.

.

.

Saturday, 30 August 2025

to debunk: "to disprove a myth that is a grossly exaggerated or foolish claim"

'to debunk' is an interesting verb:

to show that something is less important, less good, or less true than it has been made to appear: "debunk a myth": "The writer's aim was to debunk the myth that had grown up around the actress." DEBUNK | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

If you debunk a widely held belief, you show that it is false. If you debunk something that is widely admired, you show that it is not as good as people think it is. DEBUNK definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary

To debunk something is to take the bunk out of it—that bunk being “nonsense.” (Bunk is short for the synonymous bunkum, which has political origins.) Debunk has been in use since at least the 1920s, and it contrasts with synonyms like disprove and rebut by suggesting that something is not merely untrue but is also a sham—a trick meant to deceive. One can simply disprove a myth, but if it is debunked, the implication is that the myth was a grossly exaggerated or foolish claim. DEBUNK Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

There's a lot of grossly exaggerated [over-the-top, blown out of all proportion, bigger than it really is] and foolish [very silly, not at all smart] claims being made...

In politics: 'All of us have a responsibility to debunk myths targeting refugees' | The National and Seven common tropes used to deny Gaza’s famine, debunked by an expert | The Telegraph

When it comes to conspiracy theories: 4 Ways Oncologists Use Social Media to Debunk Myths and Dispel Misinformation and Moon landing conspiracy theories, debunked | Royal Museums Greenwich

Even in sport: Debunking Outlandish Stances on Jaguars' Trevor Lawrence

The scientist, researcher and writer Emma Monk has been debunking since the Covid pandemic:  I now split my time between working as a Research Scientist in the Biotech industry and debunking spurious misinformation online.  Science — Emma Monk

For example, from 2022, she was interviewed by the BBC: Social media and some news outlets have spread claims this week that only around 17,000 people have actually died of Covid. We debunk. More or Less - BBC Sounds

Last year, four years on from Brexit, she debunked the myths around what happened since then in several iconic industries: How fishing was gutted by BrexitBrexit and farming and It's time to face the music - four years on from Brexit - West Country Voices.

And lately, she's been looking at the hottest topic there is at the moment: immigration: Are small boat migrants really 24 times more likely to go to prison? Spoiler alert: no. But here’s how the media got suckered by bad data and worse assumptions. - West Country Voices

Here she is being interviewed this week by Ian Winwood in The New World: Emma Monk, the one-woman debunking machine:


On the last day of July, Emma Monk happened upon a story which claimed that asylum seekers are 24 times more likely to end up in prison than people who are born in Britain. Arching a quizzical eyebrow in the direction of this (ahem) arresting figure, Monk, a 46-year-old scientist from the New Forest, ran the numbers. Mining data and government statistics, with empirical certainty, she discovered the claim was hokum...

Friday, 29 August 2025

replacing teachers with ai

Is AI an opportunity or a threat for teachers of language?

There are general issues around ai and the future of education - and whether AI can be seen as the 'friend of enemy' of teachers. 

To give an example, we can simply ask AI if "you can give me a lesson plan!?"

The E L Gazette looks at ELT’s AI Future: Opportunities and challenges - E L Gazette

Will AI change how we learn languages? No, it will not. And that is the end of that. But let me explain why. We know, from loads of research, that we learn through comprehensible input, which forms in our subconscious as rules of the language. These rules include phonology, collocation, syntax, morphology, and loads of other elements of language. It is also consistently refined. This process is messy, difficult to measure, and non-linear. These rules are refined through interaction and, in essence, learning through doing. Teachers cannot change the path, but they can accelerate the speed with which learning and/or acquisition takes place. It is irrelevant how much AI or the internet changes, the way in which we learn languages are almost certainly not going to change. So, let’s address that first part. Can AI, if it adheres to second language acquisition theory, replace teachers?

See also:

Jay Doubleyou: the future of ai and english language teaching

Jay Doubleyou: chat gpt in teaching/learning/working with english

Jay Doubleyou: chat gpt in teaching/learning/working with english - the research

Jay Doubleyou: controlling ai - part one: the dangers of chatgpt

Jay Doubleyou: controlling ai - part two: the dangers of deep fake imagery

Jay Doubleyou: controlling ai - part three: china controlling ai

Jay Doubleyou: controlling ai - part four: "integrating it into teaching, learning, and assessment will require careful consideration"

.

.

Wednesday, 20 August 2025

new vocabulary in english dictionaries

ADDING TO DICTIONARIES

The E L Gazette has just let it be known that more than 6,000 new words have been added to the Cambridge Dictionary

Here's their latest blog entry: New words – About Words – Cambridge Dictionary blog

Their rivals do the same, for example, the new word entries from Oxford.

But how do they decide what goes into their dictionaries?

This is a piece from the Guardian looking at how new words are born from 2016:

As dictionary publishers never tire of reminding us, our language is growing. Not content with the million or so words they already have at their disposal, English speakers are adding new ones at the rate of around 1,000 a year. Recent dictionary debutants include blog, grok, crowdfunding, hackathon, airball, e-marketing, sudoku, twerk and Brexit.

But these represent just a sliver of the tip of the iceberg. According to Global Language Monitor, around 5,400 new words are created every year; it’s only the 1,000 or so deemed to be in sufficiently widespread use that make it into print. Who invents these words, and how? What rules govern their formation? And what determines whether they catch on?

Shakespeare is often held up as a master neologist, because at least 500 words (including critic, swagger, lonely and hint) first appear in his works – but we have no way of knowing whether he personally invented them or was just transcribing things he’d picked up elsewhere.

Microsoft Word is the most popular word processing program - and can helpfully 'correct' or suggest words for the writer. In a piece from a couple of years ago, it asks who decides what words are added to the dictionary? - both as a general question but also with an eye on its product.

The Oxford dictionaries are the most authoritative - and so we should ask how they decide if new words should enter the dictionary.

NO ACADEMY IN ENGLISH

The history of how the Oxford language was put together shows ... how to put a dictionary together! Here's a look from someone interested in languages (including French!): The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary by Simon Winchester – My French Quest

The point is that there is no 'official authority' when it comes to determining what is 'correct' in the English language: it's all about recording what is actually used by English speakers.

That's why the English doesn't language have an academy.

Here's a linguist's discussion on the fact that the English language does not have an official Academy

And here's a historical look at why the British said No Thanks to the Academy.

.

.

.

Tuesday, 19 August 2025

ambiguity and humour

Humour is everywhere, just as ambiguity is everywhere.

There are lots of academic studies on ambiguity in humour, for example: The ambiguity of humorAmbiguity, jokes, and trick questions - Society for Linguistic Anthropology and The usage of ambiguity-based humour in EFL classrooms.

Here's a professional linguist by day, and stand-up comedian by night: Where Humor Hides in Language | Emily Sabo | TEDxUMDearborn - YouTube

Here's a good overview of ambiguity - whether funny or not: Ambiguity in Language: Funny but Deadly - YouTube

Can you make up your own examples of these types of ambiguity: Humorous Examples of Ambiguity - Four Linguistic BRAIN Hacks! - YouTube

Let's have a look at some examples from comedians...

Ethnically Ambiguous - YouTube [is it OK to make jokes about yourself?]

Aamer Rahman (Fear of a Brown Planet) - Reverse Racism - YouTube [this is not ambiguous!]

“Evil Genius: Needlessly Ambiguous Terms” — That Mitchell and Webb Look - YouTube [is indirect language always ambiguous? are euphemisms always ambiguous?]

The Prawns Are Off | Fawlty Towers | BBC Comedy Greats - YouTube [this is polite language, but not ambiguous!]

The Two Ronnies Four Candles HD - YouTube [can you think of any more homonyms and homophones?]

.

.

.

Monday, 18 August 2025

ambiguity is everywhere

AMBIGUITY: THE FIRST STEPS

A lot of things in life have more than one meaning, one different interpretation.

> Look up 'ambiguous' in your favourite online dictionary:

ambiguous: having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally:

His reply to my question was somewhat ambiguous.
The wording of the agreement is ambiguous.
The government has been ambiguous on this issue.

AMBIGUOUS | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

> But why would you want to be ambiguous?

ambiguous: Very vague. A person who avoids answering any questions ever, even avoids the most direct questions.

Urban Dictionary: ambiguous

It's everywhere today.

> See what the headlines are in the news:

Trump’s ambiguous stance on China raises the risk of accidental conflict in the Indo-Pacific | Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank

Leading In Volatile, Uncertain, Complex And Ambiguous (VUCA) Times

White House published a black-and-white photo of Trump and Putin with an ambiguous caption | УНН

> When might we want to avoid being ambiguous?

Why do we need certainty? The short answer is: We’re hardwired to want it.

Yes, but No. What’s wrong with ambiguity? The… | by Liz Rios Hall | Medium

> And when might we want to be ambiguous?

Ambiguity is often perceived as a source of confusion and discomfort, but it holds a surprising power to influence our thinking, creativity, and resilience. In a world that increasingly values clarity and certainty, understanding and embracing ambiguity can offer profound psychological benefits.

The Power of Ambiguity | Psychology Today United Kingdom

Dealing with and embracing ambiguity is one of the most important skills for success in life. And yet it is likely a skill you never learned in school.

Ambiguity Is the Most Important Idea You Never Learned | by Roo Benjamin | Counter Arts | Medium

> How do we handle ambiguity?

Why do interviewers ask Ambiguity questions?

The main purpose of ambiguity interview questions is to evaluate a candidate's ability to thrive in uncertain and unpredictable environments. Interviewers ask these questions to gauge how well an individual can make decisions, prioritize tasks, and adapt to changes without having all the necessary information.

How to Answer the 25 Most Common Ambiguity Interview Questions

> Finally, to what extent is ambiguity part of being human?

In this new RSA Animate, renowned experimental psychologist Steven Pinker shows us how the mind turns the finite building blocks of language into infinite meanings.


RSA ANIMATE: Language as a Window into Human Nature - YouTube

AMBIGUITY IS EVERYWHERE IN ENGLISH:

> Have a look at this list:

Ambiguities > Ambiguous headlines

> Have a look at some English sentences:

I'm glad I'm a man, and so is Lola. — "Lola" by the Kinks (written by Ray Davies
John saw the man on the mountain with a telescope. 
British Left Waffles on Falkland Islands.[7]

Syntactic ambiguity - Wikipedia

> And have a look at the most famous newspaper headline:

Jay Doubleyou: ambiguous newspaper headlines

> How good is your English?

Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana - Wikipedia

> Where do such sentences lead us?

Garden-path sentence - Wikipedia

> How important is punctuation?

Eats, Shoots & Leaves - Wikipedia

Relative clauses: non-defining relative clauses | LearnEnglish

> And how does ambiguity work in your own language?

When is a car on the road in front of your house not a car any more?
When it turns into your driveway.

How prevalent is ambiguity in English and in other languages? | ResearchGate

Are some languages more ambiguous than others? - Quora

For a cross-linguistic example, Swahili has no separate words for "he", "she", "him", or "her": yeye is used regardless of case and gender. Ancient Greek has thirty (it just uses the demonstratives), allowing it to distinguish "the first man I mentioned" from "the second man I mentioned" from "a man newly introduced to the dialogue", along with five different grammatical cases (subject, direct object, indirect object, possessor, addressee).

So it seems that Swahili is significantly more ambiguous, right? It would need more words than Ancient Greek to convey the same amount of information: one Swahili word could correspond to any of thirty different Ancient Greek words, and only context can make it clear which is intended.

ambiguity - Are some human languages significantly less ambiguous than others? - Linguistics Stack Exchange

AMBIGUITY IN CULTURE:

> Do you like ambiguous film endings?

Top 10 Movies with Ambiguous Endings - YouTube

Top 10 Movies That You Have To Watch Twice - YouTube

> Do you like stories and novels with ambiguous endings?

Ambiguous Ending Books

6 Books with the most ‘wtf’ ENDINGS - YouTube

> Do you know this book and film, now 50 years on?

Picnic at Hanging Rock is just as unsettling and relevant 50 years on - ABC News

Picnic at Hanging Rock premiered 50 years ago on August 8th, 1975 at the Hindley Cinema Complex in Adelaide : r/australia

Picnic at Hanging Rock review – Australian fever dream still dazzling 50 years on | Film | The Guardian

> Finally, is ambiguity in culture a good thing?

Ambiguity of Culture - YouTube

> And in politics?!

Five studies indicate that conservatives are less tolerant of ambiguity than liberals

The Politics of Choice: Political Ideology and Intolerance of Ambiguity - Farmer - 2021 - Journal of Consumer Psychology - Wiley Online Library

.

.

.

.














.

.

.

Thursday, 14 August 2025

teaching english in russia... teaching english in ukraine

Teaching English in Russia used to be quite lucrative , with one English tutor back in 2020 saying they made up to $10,000 a month...

It's not quite so easy today, with rather dramatic news last summer that the American Robert Woodland teaching English in Russia was handed a 12-year jail term over drug charges - and last month it was reported that Russia has tortured an American teacher due to his nationality: he was accused of allegedly fighting for Ukraine.

And it's becoming more difficult to teach freely, with the Kremlin’s campaign to make education more ‘patriotic’ reaching English language classes with a new ‘Glorious Russia’ textbook, also last year.

Here's an interesting view from an American teacher of English at an official government school in Moscow, where she felt she was an Employee of the State, Enemy of the State:

I taught English as a Foreign Language in Moscow between 2019 and 2022, through mass student protests, increasing restrictions on freedom of speech, and, finally, a total break with Western institutions after February of last year. I taught a chilling set of classes only hours after Russia began bombing Kyiv. And as the government cracked down on connections with perceived enemies of the state, banned Facebook, Instagram, and the BBC, my students did not know how they should relate to me—the “enemy”—nor I them.

And last month, Moscow’s British Council ban has made living and studying abroad more difficult for Russians:

Russia on Thursday declared the British Council an “undesirable organization,” a move that is likely to make it more difficult for Russian citizens to study and live abroad. The British Council is one of the organizers of the International English Language Testing System (IELTS), one of the world’s most widely used academic English exams for non-native speakers. By outlawing the British Council as “undesirable,” any cooperation with the organization is now illegal in Russia. Experts warn that this may also imply the British Council-administered IELTS test.

On the other hand, teaching English in Ukraine has been facilitated by the government there, with the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and Cambridge signing an agreement on English language cooperation

And there are plenty of stories of individuals helping out - for example, a retired Michigan teacher who packed up his life and moved to war-torn Ukraine.

Because there's a real push now when it comes to teaching English in Ukraine - as language schools and tutors cope with high demand.

This demand is also political - with English as our ‘intellectual weapon’, says one Ukrainian military teacher:

“Commanders and personnel there wanted to implement English courses because a year ago, it was obvious that Ukraine would get military aid, weapons and support from our Western allies.”

And the government is pushing for English language proficiency:

Ukraine is implementing comprehensive measures to promote English proficiency, providing free language courses and integrating the language into the entire education system starting from kindergarten.

.

.

.

Wednesday, 13 August 2025

diet or exercise?

The world is getting overweight:

More than half of humans on track to be overweight or obese by 2035 – report | Obesity | The Guardian

But is the problem what we eat?

The War on Obesity Heats Up: Big Food Drives Problem, Big Pharma Cashes In By Solving It - Global Wellness Institute

Research reveals big food companies rely on profiting from children’s health | School Food Matters

Big food companies must be held to account in obesity crisis | Obesity | The Guardian

Or is it a problem of our lifestyle?

Lifestyle Changes to Prevent a Heart Attack | American Heart Association

Basic rules for screen time at a young age can help reduce childhood obesity – new research • City St George's, University of London

There are lots of scientific papers being produced!

Association of Healthy Lifestyle Factors and Obesity-Related Diseases in Adults in the UK - PMC

Frontiers | Classification of overweight/obesity among Saudi adolescents relative to lifestyle behaviors using the IOTF or WHO reference standards

There is new research just out:

It has often been said that a sedentary lifestyle may lead to obesity. However, new research in a wide range of populations suggests that excessive energy intake, rather than a lack of activity, is the main driver of weight gain. A new study, is published in PNAS, suggests that the high rates of obesity associated with economic development are most likely caused by a high calorie diet containing a large proportion of ultra-processed foods.

Weight loss: Is diet or exercise more important?

A recent study suggests that what you eat—not how much you move—may be more important for managing weight.

Does Diet or Exercise Drive Obesity? New Research Weighs In

Is United States showing us all the future of our food?

The cereal aisle of our local supermarket in the suburbs of Washington DC is a place of both joy and pain for my family. Joy for my two sons, who run up and down marvelling at the colourful boxes emblazoned with cartoon characters who promise eruptions of sweet wonder within. But pain for me as I wince at ingredients lists packed with sugar, chemicals I can’t pronounce, and food additives that are either heavily regulated or banned in Europe.

America’s rotten food culture - The New World

It's all about ultra-processed food!

What are processed foods? Experts break down their impact on health

Not all ultra-processed foods are bad for you... study reveals the eight that actually make you healthier | Daily Mail Online

Ultra-Processed Foods Could Sabotage Weight Loss, Even on a 'Healthy' Diet : ScienceAlert

Kids' 'healthy' snacks that are secretly harming them, according to a gut health specialist | HELLO!

.

.

.