Thursday, 24 August 2023

overt teaching

A new book is just out:

Overt Teaching argues that successful learning is dependent on learners being actively involved in the learning process. Not only do learners need to be aware of what they are learning and why, but their involvement in the discussion of their own success is critical.

Overt Teaching: Teacher's Resource Book with digital extras | DELTA Publishing

The latest EL Gazette has a piece by David Byrne and Mark Heffernan:


Overt Teaching was born from the belief that learners should know what they’re learning, why they’re learning it, and are involved in discussions of that learning. It is rare in life that we choose to learn something for the sake of learning. We tend to have a clear reason and this reason drives our engagement. We don’t spend hours learning to drive out of interest; we do so because we want to be able to drive. In the same vein, we might learn a language to improve job prospects, to help us to pass an exam, to get a visa, or maybe to be able to converse comfortably with our parents-inlaw. Whatever a learner’s goal, knowing how a lesson will help them to achieve it can only add to engagement, and this means involving students in the overt discussion of learning from the outset of the lesson.

In general, a teacher will know what they want to achieve in their lesson and they may inform their students of this objective at the beginning of the lesson. The Overt Teacher, however, goes a little further. They want their learners’ input on this objective so they ensure that it is written in student-friendly language and that it mirrors their students’ real lives...

Overt Teaching: What is it & how can it help your students? - E L Gazette

Here's a short video:

What is Overt Teaching | Discuss learning | Learning process | TEFL Webinar | ELT Masterclass - YouTube

The idea does go back some twenty years:

Overt Instruction - A Closer Look into Literacy Learning

.

.

.

Tuesday, 22 August 2023

register: populism, culture wars and woke

POPULISM

This is very much about using 'the language of the people':

Jay Doubleyou: education levels and voting trump and Jay Doubleyou: brexit, trump and dumbing down and Jay Doubleyou: the language of donald trump

Donald Trump Speaks at a Fourth-Grade Level - YouTube and This linguist studied the way Trump speaks for two years. Here’s what she found. - YouTube

But is that really the case?

According to a formal measure of language simplicity, United States President Donald Trump’s acceptance speech at this year’s Republican National Convention was far more complex than challenger Joe Biden’s at the Democratic Convention. While Biden’s speech could be understood by a fifth grader, Trump’s required an eighth-grade level of education.

Surprised? After years of stories about how Trump uses much simpler language than his rivals, you should be. During the last campaign, we read numerous accounts of how Trump’s language was pitched low — at a child’s level...

For each populist and non-populist leader, we analysed at least 100,000 words (per leader) from their speeches over a given period of time, using an array of measures for evaluating linguistic simplicity. These included Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Readability Tests for English, along with similar scales for Italian and French. Using these measures to assess simplicity is based on the idea that, the greater the presence of shorter words and sentences, the easier a text is to understand. We also measured lexical density (the number of words conveying meaning), lexical richness (the number of different words), and the presence of words considered difficult in each language.

Our right-wing populists were the most prominent ones from their respective countries over the past decade: Trump, Matteo Salvini (leader of the League, one of Italy’s major parties), Nigel Farage (former leader of the UK Independence Party), and Marine Le Pen (France’s far-right presidential candidate)...

Our results were not what we expected.

First, the gap between Trump and Clinton in the 2016 campaign was actually not very wide. Trump’s speeches were pitched at a level comprehensible to a sixth grader, while Clinton’s required a seventh-grade level of education. On our other measures, there was little difference between the two.

In Italy, UK, and France, the results were even more surprising.

How do we explain these counterintuitive results?

One possibility is that, since studies have shown the language of mainstream political leaders in countries like the US and Italy has become simpler over time, it could be that the gap between elite and populist language has reduced, thus making claims about greater populist simplicity outdated. In other words, perhaps mainstream leaders like Clinton and Biden have moved closer to the populist Trump’s level (and sometimes even below).

Another, related, possibility is that, at the same time as mainstream politicians have followed the advice of professional communications advisers and reduced the complexity of their speeches, right-wing populists in some countries have instead chosen to appear less coached and more authentic.

For example, Farage’s long rambling sentences make his language more complex, but also add to his “man holding court in the pub” image. Similarly, as a French nationalist who opposes globalisation and its alleged cultural homogenising effects, Le Pen may see an advantage in not imitating English-speaking political language trends that, by contrast, Macron has embraced.

We compared the language of populist leaders with their mainstream opponents – the results were unexpected

What is 'populism'?

Simply put, populism is a language that frames politics as a battle between the will of ordinary people and corrupt or self-serving elites, and can exist on the left or right.

But the language of populism is everywhere in British politics these days. You hear it in the frequent vilification of political elites, the romanticisation of ordinary or “real” people, the attacks on the media and the idea that politics is no longer just a battle of ideas but a winner-takes-all conflict between good and evil.

It can pop up in sometimes unexpected places – from Theresa May’s speeches, to the lexicon of those arch-Remainers who insist a “people’s vote” is the only legitimate response to a Brexit stitch-up contrived by powerful cabal of crooks and liars.

Exploring the rise of populism: 'It pops up in unexpected places' | Membership | The Guardian

And in other countries?

Taking three illustrative examples of right wing populist party performances on TV news and current affairs broadcasts in Greece (GD), France (FN) and the UK (UKIP), the speakers’ use of a range of rhetorical devices is examined using models from socio-linguistics and discourse analysis: aspects of register shifts by GD in blame attribution speeches, interactional ‘bad manners’ in a French political debate, and Nigel Farage speaking ‘candidly’ in three different contexts of news reporting from the UK.

As regards GD’s lexical choices, blame attribution is achieved through use of bluntly aggressive or derogatory terms. Often, the speakers’ critique of the government and casting of dominant politics and policies as unpatriotic, corrupt or immoral is foregrounded through register shifts to colloquial language and slang. However, GD speakers also achieve subtle stylistic and expressive effects by tactically blending elements from different registers (e.g., archaic, formal, colloquial/slang) in the same utterance. To illustrate how this style-shifting functions as a discursive resource in GD talk, we present a selection of extracts from two different mediated performances: a speech addressed to GD supporters (extract 1), and a Parliamentary speech (extract 2).

Right-wing populism and the dynamics of style: a discourse-analytic perspective on mediated political performances | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

CULTURE WARS AND WOKE

These have been with us for at least the last five years:

Jay Doubleyou: culture wars and Jay Doubleyou: brexit and the culture wars and Jay Doubleyou: brexit and the culture wars: part two

It's happening in the UK:

Sorry, Tories, but conjuring up ever more culture wars is bound to backfire | Martha Gill | The Guardian and The Tories must fight the culture wars – or die

UK heading for most unpleasant and divisive general election in our lifetimes, says Andy Burnham and DAN HODGES: Don't get sucked into the culture wars, Rishi... It won't impress voters who can't pay their bills | Daily Mail Online and Lee Anderson’s Culture Wars: How the Conservative Party is Flirting with Far-Right Hate to Appeal to its Base    – Byline Times

The term 'woke' is also getting very prominent in the media:

Jay Doubleyou: what is 'woke'? part two and Jay Doubleyou: the meaning and use of the word 'woman' is changing

Jay Doubleyou: you think wikipedia is biased? check out the telegraph and Jay Doubleyou: teaching empire in british schools and Jay Doubleyou: why giving a welsh park a welsh name is problematic - or not

Jay Doubleyou: writing in a more respectful and sensitive way

Here's an example of language in use:

The one term that has cut through more is “white privilege”, with over half of the UK public saying they’d heard a lot about it. This is not a good thing for those interested in making the case for a continued focus on racial equality, as other recent research shows the public are pretty sceptical about the term, particularly white groups. For example, half of white British people agree that it’s easier to get ahead if you’re white, but only 29% agree there is “white privilege” in Britain. The language used and framing of debates matters.

Culture wars uncovered: most of UK public don't know if 'woke' is a compliment or an insult

There are all sorts of things going on over culture and language: 

Tennessee’s government has turned hard red, but a new set of outlaw songwriters is challenging Music City’s conservative ways—and ruling bro-country sound.

Country Music’s Culture Wars and the Remaking of Nashville | The New Yorker

she/her pronouns don’t always tell the full story behind someone’s gender identity or sexuality, but the moment I overheard got me thinking about the broader societal trend of straight people calling their significant other their partner...

I Hated When Straight People Used the Word ‘Partner'—Until the Anti-LGBTQ+ Culture War Reset My Standards | Vogue

Fewer Ukrainians speak Russian and monuments are being taken down, but some warn a ‘language of hatred’ has taken over.

How Ukrainians ‘de-Russify’ themselves | Russia-Ukraine war News | Al Jazeera

It's happening in UK government:

Council fury as local authorities told to ban ‘offensive’ language for ‘woke’ alternatives | UK | News | Express.co.uk

And it's happening in charities:

Beyond parody! Oxfam's new 92-page inclusivity guide calls English 'the language of a colonising nation' and tells staff to avoid the words 'mother' 'headquarters' - and even 'youth', in move slammed by critics

'We recognise that this guide has its origin in English, the language of a colonising nation. We acknowledge the Anglo-supremacy of the sector as part of its coloniality. This guide aims to support people who have to work and communicate in the English language as part of this colonial legacy. However, we recognise that the dominance of English is one of the key issues that must be addressed in order to decolonise our ways of working and shift power.'

Oxfam's new 92-page inclusivity guide calls English 'the language of a colonising nation' | Daily Mail Online

Oxfam's job is to end poverty - we refuse to be distracted by toxic culture wars - Danny Sriskandarajah and Is Oxfam’s language guide taking sides in the culture war? | Oxfam | The Guardian and Snooty Oxfam’s war on words is a disaster zone and Brand Oxfam is damaged, no matter which side of the ‘culture wars’ you are on - More About Advertising

In other words, it's very much about language:

Woke language | The Spectator Australia and Wokeness and the English Language - Michael Lewis, Commentary Magazine and America’s woke assault on English | The Spectator

Indeed it is:

Ask yourself: What exactly is “the woke?” Where did “woke” come from? And how did it become apparently worthy of gag orders instituted by politicians and administered with the might of the government? When did it transform from its roots in Black American vernacular to a supposedly all-encompassing, terrifying force emblazoned across increasingly fear-mongering headlines in the United States and even now in parts of Europe?

Put simpler: How did woke go from meaning “Black” to “Bad?”

Michael Harriot, columnist at TheGrio and author of the upcoming book, Black AF History: The Unwhitewashed Story of America, explains that this kind of insidious takeover and flipping of Black vernacular to anti-Black pejorative has numerous parallels in America’s past and runs all the way up to present day.

“When you look at the long arc of history and America’s reaction to the request for Black liberation – every time Black people try to use a phrase or coin a phrase that symbolizes our desire for liberation, it will eventually become a cuss word to white people,” Harriot says in an interview with LDF.

“When people during the civil rights movement began saying ‘Black power,’ all of a sudden it became a term that people equated with communism and anti-white sentiment — and then it eventually gave birth to ‘white power,’” Harriot tells LDF. “The ‘1619 Project’ [which centers the ramifications of slavery and the contributions of Black people in American history] has become an insult. ‘Black Lives Matter’ became an ‘anti-white sentiment’ that was banned in school and spawned ‘all lives matter’ and ‘blue lives matter.’”

In Harriot’s view, the manipulation of woke has been key to effecting policies that, when looked at plainly, reveal a foundational hostility to values most Americans share. “It’s hard to get people to demonize human beings and lives and history. But it’s easy to get them to demonize a word. And if you can use that word as a placeholder for those people, for caring about those people, then it’s easy to demonize instead of saying, ‘We’re just gonna stop caring about people,’” Harriot concludes.

How Woke Went From "Black" to "Bad"

.

.

.

Thursday, 17 August 2023

very british problems...

An excellent place to go to see how the Brits really talk - and how they can't quite say what they really mean:

(15) VeryBritishProblems (@SoVeryBritish) / X

Lots of wonderful examples of how the Brits don't actually say anything clearly at all...

Things Brits say when they’re absolutely livid: “What do you think you’re doing?” “What’s going on in here?” “With all due respect” “I beg your pardon” “Can I help you?” “Now look” “I’ll write a letter” “I’ve had just about enough of this” “Is there anybody else I can speak to?”

VeryBritishProblems on X: "Things Brits say when they’re absolutely livid: “What do you think you’re doing?” “What’s going on in here?” “With all due respect” “I beg your pardon” “Can I help you?” “Now look” “I’ll write a letter” “I’ve had just about enough of this” “Is there anybody else I can speak to?”" / X

But the Brits have other problems:


(15) X

There's a book or two:

Very British Problems

With a selection here:

40 Funny “Very British Problems” About The UK Just Being The UK, As Shared On This Twitter Page | Bored Panda

And they've just been to the Edinburgh Festival:

Very British Problems: Live | Comedy | Edinburgh Festival Fringe



.

.


Wednesday, 16 August 2023

chat gpt in teaching/learning/working with english

The EL Gazette asks if Chat GPT is a 'friend or foe' - and looks at the application as 'a language teaching assistant':

The new generation chatbot, ChatGPT, can be a valuable aid to language learning. However, there are major issues to be aware of and challenges to both students’ and teachers’ digital competence, as outlined in a review by Lucas Kohnke and colleagues from the University of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Baptist University...

Undoubtedly, however, this AI genie is well and truly out of the bottle. Teachers need to move fast to incorporate the use of ChatGPT into the language learning process in ways that draw on its strengths and minimises the drawbacks.

Teachers can use ChatGPT as an assistant in the classroom, demonstrating how to interact effectively using questions and prompts, and how to manage and respond to issues around accuracy of content, sources and cultural bias. Rather than avoiding the issues, teachers can plan tasks that use ChatGPT.

ChatGPT can also be used by both students and teachers to create specific plans; for example, “Can you create a vocabulary-building plan for me if I want to improve my nursing English.” Teachers might be especially interested in asking ChatGPT to help prepare for a job interview, for example by suggesting common questions, role-playing the interview and making suggestions for improving performance, such as making a response “more persuasive.”

ChatGPT language learning - E L Gazette

ELG2307 Jul Issue 485

Young people are using it:

This month, Jeremy Howard, an artificial intelligence researcher, introduced an online chatbot called ChatGPT to his 7-year-old daughter. It had been released a few days earlier by OpenAI, one of the world’s most ambitious A.I. labs.

Over the next few days, Mr. Howard — a data scientist and professor whose work inspired the creation of ChatGPT and similar technologies — came to see the chatbot as a new kind of personal tutor. It could teach his daughter math, science and English, not to mention a few other important lessons. Chief among them: Do not believe everything you are told. “It is a thrill to see her learn like this,” he said. “But I also told her: Don’t trust everything it gives you. It can make mistakes.” ...

Just as Mr. Howard hoped that his daughter would learn not to trust everything she read on the internet, he hoped society would learn the same lesson. “You could program millions of these bots to appear like humans, having conversations designed to convince people of a particular point of view” he said. “I have warned about this for years. Now it is obvious that this is just waiting to happen.”

The New Chatbots Could Change the World. Can You Trust Them? - The New York Times

What about learning a language?

6 Ways to Use ChatGPT to Learn a Foreign Language | ICLS | International Center for Language Studies | Washington D.C.

And English?

ChatGPT Tutorial - How to use Chat GPT for Learning and Practicing English - YouTube

From a school in London:

Navigating the impact of Chat GPT in the classroom: the positives and negatives of AI - Haringey Education Partnership

A teacher asks ChatGPT:

How to use ChatGPT to Learn English | Helen Doron

With some more specific tips:

5 Ways for Teachers to Use ChatGPT - The Daring English Teacher

.

.

.

Sunday, 13 August 2023

working with emergent language in the english classroom

An excellent handbook out looks at how teachers can make full use of language produced by the students themselves:

"Ideas and activities for developing your reactive skills in class"

Working with Emergent Language | Pavilion Publishing


The author has put together a very useful article for the ET Professional (now the Modern English Teacher) - with lots of practical examples of how to take advantage of language which naturally emerges in the classroom:

Danny Norrington-Davies researches the strategies that experienced teachers use when working with emergent language – that produced by students in real-time interactions.

Emergent language is unplanned language that arises spontaneously during genuine interactions in the language classroom. It includes errors or communicative breakdowns produced by students, but it can also be language that teachers or learners judge to be in some way new, interesting or good to share, or language that might require some modification. This can be done by highlighting useful language or offering extensions or alternatives to the forms that the learners produce.

Emergent language | ETp

Here he is chatting with colleagues:

Start Building your Emergent Language Muscle with Danny Norrington-Davies & Richard Chinn - YouTube

And here he is giving a presentation:

TH Presents Danny Norrington Davies: Ways of dealing with emergent language - YouTube

To finish, from his website:

Articles and publications | Danny Norrington-Davies



.

.

.

Wednesday, 9 August 2023

what is british culture?

When asking the basic question of what exactly British culture is, there are some very good basic websites giving us a good basic overview:

British culture is influenced by its combined nations' history; its historically Christian religious life, its interaction with the cultures of Europe, the individual cultures of England, Wales and Scotland and the impact of the British Empire. Although British culture is a distinct entity, the individual cultures of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse. There have been varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness between these four cultures.[1] British literature is particularly esteemed. The modern novel was invented in Britain, and playwrights, poets, and authors are among its most prominent cultural figures.[2] Britain has also made notable contributions to music, cinema, art, architecture and television.

Culture of the United Kingdom - Wikipedia

British culture is a unique blend of many different influences. Romans and Normans shape many aspects of British culture. Britain’s history and heritage profoundly affect its modern identity – everything from its cuisine to its literature reflects influences from around the world.

The country has long been seen as an open-minded place that respects diversity and celebrates it in all forms; this is reflected in its art, music, cinema, keno online casinos, and fashion. In the following blog, we will discuss facts about British culture. Let’s explore!

Facts about British Culture Everyone Should Know |The Bookish Elf

The UK is full of heavy drinkers with bad eating habits who are ignorant, intolerant and too nationalistic – so it’s just as well that we are also very polite. It might sound like a stereotypical list of national traits, but these are the views of more than 5,000 young adults from five different countries who were asked to give their opinion on modern Britain by the British Council.

Its report As Others See Us, published today, shows that the UK is struggling to overcome certain long-held negative perceptions about its poor weather and cuisine, which are viewed as its least attractive features. Culture and history are seen as its best qualities, with its best-known cultural icons cited as Shakespeare, the Queen, and David Beckham.

Boozy, ignorant, intolerant, but very polite – Britain as others see us | The Independent | The Independent

Let's go to the city of Bristol:

Banksy Dismaland show revealed at Weston's Tropicana - BBC News @ Jay Doubleyou: Search results for bristol

Banksy by Kateryna Ivashchuk @ Jay Doubleyou: banksy is not only provocative - he's very popular...

Banksy's Exit Through The Gift Shop - YouTube @ Jay Doubleyou: banksy: the provocative artist of our time

And:

What Happened To Slave Trader Edward Colston's Statue In Bristol? | Statue Wars | BBC Select - YouTube and Who was slave trader Edward Colston and why was his statue pulled down? - YouTube with more on the issue here Jay Doubleyou: all statues are political

And let's go to the British Empire:

Red, white and blue: What does it mean to you? Peter Mitchell grapples with this question in his new book Imperial Nostalgia: How the British Conquered Themselves, which takes stock of how a generalized longing for an invented imperial heyday inflects and infects various fronts in the UK’s so-called culture wars. 

Empire 2.0 | Phoebe Braithwaite @ Jay Doubleyou: empire 2.0 and the 'imperial nostalgia' driving the british culture war

Watch Empire State of Mind | Stream free on Channel 4 and Video - Sathnam Sanghera and Empireland: The Fallout, with Sathnam Sanghera - YouTube @ Jay Doubleyou: britishness and Jay Doubleyou: teaching empire in british schools

Finally, some humour:

Monday, 7 August 2023

the maieutic method of teaching and learning

First of all, how do we pronounce this word?

Pronunciation of Maieutic | Definition of Maieutic - YouTube

And what does the word mean?

Maieutic Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

It's about philosophy - with a minute's overview:

Methods of Ancient Argument (Elenchus, Maieutic, and Endoxic) - YouTube

It's a method to teach and learn:

a method of teaching by question and answer; used by Socrates to elicit truths from his students

What is Maieutic Method | IGI Global

Here's a little more:

It is a method implemented by Socrates where he helps the interlocutor “give birth” to ideas and discoveries. The underpinning to this idea was that the “new knowledge” was already latent in the interlocutor.

General views of the Socratic Method consist of it being a dialectical exchange based on probing questions concerning a topic. While this definition may prove practical, it may not do justice to the broad nature and practice of the instructional strategy. It is, therefore, equally important to explore how maieutic questioning grounds the Socratic Method as a viable instructional strategy. By realizing the maieutic process as giving birth to discoveries, educationists and students are given a clearer framework in implementing the Socratic Method in educational experiences. In further elucidating this claim, this chapter first draws from the maieutic practice found in Plato's dialogues. Second, the chapter explores research on maieutic questioning in teaching and learning experiences. Lastly, a recognition of both Socrates' original maieutic practice and the modern conception of it are advanced as strategies educationists can implement in their courses.

What is Maieutic Method | IGI Global

It's therefore only one part of the Socratic method of teaching and learning:

Socratic questioning - Wikipedia

But it is different to the traditional understanding of the Socratic method:

I offer a reading of one of Plato's later works, the Sophist, that reveals it to be informed by principles comparable on the face of it with those that have emerged recently in the field of critical thinking. As a development of the famous Socratic method of his teacher, I argue, Plato deployed his own pedagogical method, a ‘mid-wifely’ or ‘maieutic’ method, in the Sophist. In contrast to the Socratic method, the sole aim of this method is not to disabuse the reader or learner of her false opinions. Rather, its purpose is to supply her with the skills and dispositions as well as the claims and counter-claims she needs to critically evaluate a view, and so facilitate knowledge acquisition, for herself. But the text does not merely teach critical thinking in this indirect manner. One of the strategies its author employed was to encourage the reader/learner to consider under what conditions a claim or idea would be false. To the extent that it achieves this, the Sophist provides both a model and an application of that particular kind of critical thinking in the learning environment that Jonathan Baron has described as ‘active open-mindedness’.

Platonic Dialogue, Maieutic Method and Critical Thinking - LEIGH - 2007 - Journal of Philosophy of Education - Wiley Online Library

Here's how to do it:

MAIEUTIC – Geeks for Education toolkit

And:

How to Use the Socratic Method In Your Middle or High School Classroom | Edutopia

Here's a perspective from a music teacher in Thailand:

Friday, 4 August 2023

what sort of english do you want to learn?

What sort of English do you want to learn?

what is standard english? - Google Search

There's a lot of talk about where we are going with the English language - and lots of questions about what the language is all about:

Jay Doubleyou: what's the future of english?

Do you want to sound like and be taught by a native speaker? And what do we mean by 'native speaker'?

Native and Non-native speakers teaching English: The Morning Break with Jane Ritter | Teachers Talk Radio

NNEST - Wikipedia

How important is it to learn English as the language of the English?

Is European English at the heart of unification? - E L Gazette

Let’s not make English about British culture – The Non Native Speaker

If you are teaching English or another language, you might find your assumptions are challenged. There might be different perceptions of your role, appropriate topics for small talk, or politeness. An oversight can result in misunderstandings and incorrect judgements of character.

Make your English language lesson work for learners from a different culture | British Council

Where is English spoken?

List of countries by English-speaking population - Wikipedia

In Africa:

nigeria english speaking country - Google Search

Jay Doubleyou: Search results for africa pidgin

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: The danger of a single story | TED - YouTube

norwegian book club top 100 - Google Search

Is this a 'standard'?

English as a lingua franca - Wikipedia

.

.

.

Tuesday, 1 August 2023

british films

British culture can be expressed and seen in all sorts of places:

Jay Doubleyou: st george's day and english nationalism

Jay Doubleyou: britishness

Jay Doubleyou: social realism and the kitchen sink drama

Jay Doubleyou: english literature

Jay Doubleyou: the making of the british landscape...

What about film?

"This is the complete list of the 100 best British films of the century, as voted for by 1,000 leading figures of the movie industry, and compiled by the British Film Institute."

Top 100 British films by British Film Institute - The Greatest Films

And what do the people of Brighton think?

What Is the Best British Movie? | Easy English 44 - YouTube

Here's a good list:

7 British films to make you feel like you’re in the UK | GetYourGuide

And another list:

Five modern classic British films

And here's a very British film:

The Ladykillers (1955) ORIGINAL TRAILER [HD 1080p] - YouTube

This is British comedy at its best, with eccentric characters never for a second seeming out of place in the most everyday locations.

The Ladykillers-1955-Alec Guinness, Katie Johnson, Peter Sellers, Herbert L

.

.

.