Here's a very good start for learning and teaching|:
Constructivism
Main article: Constructivism (learning theory)
Founded by Jean Piaget, constructivism emphasizes the importance of the active involvement of learners in constructing knowledge for themselves. Students are thought to use background knowledge and concepts to assist them in their acquisition of novel information. On approaching such new information, the learner faces a loss of equilibrium with their previous understanding, and this demands a change in cognitive structure. This change effectively combines previous and novel information to form an improved cognitive schema. Constructivism can be both subjectively and contextually based. Under the theory of radical constructivism, coined by Ernst von Glasersfeld, understanding relies on one's subjective interpretation of experience as opposed to objective "reality". Similarly, William Cobern's idea of contextual constructivism encompasses the effects of culture and society on experience.[34]
Constructivism asks why students do not learn deeply by listening to a teacher, or reading from a textbook. To design effective teaching environments, it believes one needs a good understanding of what children already know when they come into the classroom. The curriculum should be designed in a way that builds on the pupil's background knowledge and is allowed to develop with them.[35] Begin with complex problems and teach basic skills while solving these problems.[36] The learning theories of John Dewey, Maria Montessori, and David A. Kolb serve as the foundation of the application of constructivist learning theory in the classroom.[37] Constructivism has many varieties such as active learning, discovery learning, and knowledge building, but all versions promote a student's free exploration within a given framework or structure.[38] The teacher acts as a facilitator who encourages students to discover principles for themselves and to construct knowledge by working answering open-ended questions and solving real-world problems. To do this, a teacher should encourage curiosity and discussion among his/her students as well as promoting their autonomy. In scientific areas in the classroom, constructivist teachers provide raw data and physical materials for the students to work with and analyze.[39]
Learning theory (education) - Wikipedia
Jay Doubleyou: learning theory: a short guide
Which takes us to this:
It will soon be twenty years old, but the Theory of Experiential Learning has had little presence in ESL. "Experiential" learning is not just "fieldwork" or "praxis" (the connecting of learning to real life situations) although it is the basis for these approaches, it is a theory that defines the cognitive processes of learning. In particular, it asserts the importance of critical reflection in learning. As we shall see, David Kolb was one of the key contributors.
Kelly - David Kolb, The Theory of Experiential Learning and ESL (TESL/TEFL)
Jay Doubleyou: kolb's learning cycle
Or we can see it like this:
With a video:
In Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development (1984), Kolb defined learning as “the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience” (p. 38). This learning experience consists of four stages:Concrete Experience (CE): feeling
Reflective Observation (RO): watching
Abstract Conceptualization (AC): thinking
Active Experimentation (AE): doing
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These four stages, or steps, of learning typically move through a cycle that begins with a student having a concrete experience and ends with them actively experimenting with the knowledge they gained.
And a helpful diagram:
Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory & Learning Styles - Educational Technology
With another excellent introductory video:
Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle: A Complete Guide - Growth Engineering
Which takes us to this:
Kolb's Learning Styles & Experiential Learning Cycle
David A. Kolb - Institute for Experiential Learning
This is in a way a challenge to the rather lazy 'learning styles' approach:
As with any methodology or tool, use VAK and other learning styles concepts with care. The concepts are an aid, not a dogma to be followed and applied rigidly. See the notes for using Learning Styles with young people on the Kolb Learning Styles page.Howard Gardner: Multiple Intelligences Theory – BusinessBalls.com
Jay Doubleyou: visual, auditory, kinesthetic learning styles
Finally, here's Kolb on Wikipedia:
Kolb's experiential learning - Wikipedia
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